What is a transparent element?

Trusing element or transposon is a mobile piece of genetic material. These sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are either replicated several times in the genome or move in its original form. Due to their ability to create new genes, transparent elements are considered mutagens and are an import device in evolution. Transponable elements are studied to help better understand genetic change and causes of the disease.

American scientist Barbara McClintock first discovered a transparent element around the end of World War II. She studied methods of reproduction of maize or maize with a focus on how chromosomes change. She also created the first genetic map for corn. Her research initially met skepticism. Only in 1983 was the Nobel Prize for her work.

The first possible mobility method for a transparent element is a similar function to “copy and insert” the function on calculations. These types of transparent elements are categorized as class I aSometimes they are called retrotransposons. In this replication mode, the Ribonucle (RNA) intermediary (RNA) is used. Retrotransposons are particularly abundant in plants and other eukaryots or organisms with complex cells. Almost half of the human genome consists of this form of a transparent element.

DNA transposons are the second type of transparent element categorized as class II. Rather than using the intermediate, class II elements generally use enzymes in a process similar to "cut and insertion". Enzymes are types of molecules that help speed up chemical reactions in the body. DNA transposons are less common in the human genome than retrotransposons, but still play an important role in evolution.

It is known that transparent elements cause disease. Hemophilia A and B, predisposition to cancer and type of muscle dystrophy can be caused by this type of change of genetic material. IfD The transparent element is inserted into the functional gene, it can deactivate the entire gene. If the gap in the gene is left by the protruding DNA transposon, the gene is usually not correctly repaired.

Cells usually have defensive mechanisms against excessive genetic change. Bacteria can regularly delete large parts of their genome as a guard against the spread of viruses and transposed elements. Eukaryotes can use RNA molecules in their cells to disrupt the activity of a transparent element. These measures are evolutionary adaptations that help keep new mutations under control.

The development of transparent elements is not well understood. Some believe that this phenomenon originated at the beginning of the evolutionary history of life and was handed over to a later species. Others argue that the elements originated several times independently. Another possibility is that transparent elements could have developed recently and spread to various forms of life by a process called horizontal gene transmission. In any case, today in all major sectors liveThey find transparent elements.