What Is Surface Mining?

Open pit mining is the process of removing the covering from the ore body to obtain the required minerals. Surface mining can be divided into surface metal mining, surface coal mining, and surface iron mining. The main mining objects of the former are non-ferrous metals, the mining of coal and some non-metallic ores in the middle, and the latter of iron ore.

Use a certain mining process, according to a certain

According to the distribution of ore deposits, there are generally two types of mining methods:

The "continuous surface mining process" is to excavate and crush the surface ore through an open-pit mining machine (also called a hard rock crusher), which is a "fine and controllable" alternative to the traditional blasting process.

About two-thirds of the world's total solid minerals are mined in open pits. China has abundant mineral resources available for open-pit mining. Coal fields in Pingshuo, Huolin River, Yimin River, Zhungeer, Yuanbaoshan, Zhaotong, etc., iron mines in Anshan, Benxi, Jidong, Panxi, etc., copper mines in Dexing, Yongping, and others Chemical industry, construction materials, etc. have hundreds of millions of tons of reserves available for open-pit mining. ^[2]

Open pit mining refers to the process of extracting useful minerals from open-pit mining sites. Compared with underground mining, the advantages of open pit are that the resources are fully utilized,

The production links of surface mining are interconnected, forming a multi-link dynamic system. In order to optimize the overall system, the computer and operations research and systems engineering are used to study the above technical and management issues.

The main technologies of open-pit mining are: see the state of open-pit mining; the stability of open-pit mine slopes; mining technology; mining procedures (see open-pit mining methods); open-pit mining (see open-pit development of deposits); (See mine drainage, deposit dehydration); mine environmental protection, mine land reuse; open-pit mining production scheduling.

Stripping ratio: The ratio of stripping to mining. Open stripping ratio is an important indicator for measuring the economic effect of open-pit mining (units are m ³ / m ³ , m ³ / t). In mining, a large amount of soil and rock must be stripped to expose the ore body.

Hillside open-pit mine: According to the topography, the part of the stope above the upper boundary closed circle is said that the deepest open-pit mine has reached a depth of 800m.

Depressed open-pit mine: According to the terrain, the part below the closed circle is called a depressed open-pit mine.

Mining zone: It is divided into a certain width when step mining.

Excavation face: part of the excavation zone where the excavation operation is carried out

Mining line: Mining belt with mining conditions.

Working steps: Steps with normal mining conditions.

Working Gang: An open-pit mine gang consisting of several working steps.

Working flat plate: For normal production, the working steps need to be wide enough to arrange the perforating, blasting, mining, and transportation equipment to form a working platform.

Working slope angle: The angle between the imaginary plane and the horizontal plane is called the working slope angle.

Non-working gang: refers to the open-pit mine gang that does not perform mining operations. Non-working gangs are often provided with a transportation platform for transportation, a safety platform to block and roll down rocks, and a sweeping platform to clean up and roll down rocks. The non-working gang is usually the final slope or final gang at the end of the open-pit mining.

Upper boundary line: the intersection of the non-working gang and the surface.

Lower boundary line: the intersection of the non-working gang with the bottom surface of the open-pit mine.

Final slope angle: the intersection of the imaginary slope and the horizontal plane passing through the upper boundary line and the lower boundary line.