What is a polymerase chain reaction?
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) uses enzymes to replicate part of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for easier analysis, such as the search for genes. As a nuclear chain reaction, the polymerase chain reaction is an exponential process that takes place when raw materials are available to maintain the reaction. Unlike DNA replication in the natural world, the polymerase chain reaction can only replicate relatively small pieces of DNA, with the upper ceiling of about 2-3 kilometers of bases (KB). The polymerase chain reaction uses inanimate enzymes to achieve its replication effect and distinguishes it from other copying approaches that use active organisms. Thermal cycle. Thetermal Cycler often holds more test tubes with multiple polymerase chain reactions, each holding 15 to 100 microliters, values just below the cubic millimeter of water. About one hundred nanograms of the base of the base are used.
Taq polymerase, a key component for the polymerase chain reaction, is extracted from the deep bacteria of thermal ventilation, thermus aquaticus . It works well for copying, but not perfectly, with a mistake about once every 8 million pairs of basic pairs. Other polymerase were used before Taq polymerase, but many of them disintegrated at the necessary temperatures to start the reaction. The heating cycle is complicated, but includes temperatures briefly in the range of boiling, so that the shelf life is necessary in the polymer.
Basic steps of polymerase chain reactions are as follows. All ingredients are mixed together, usually with a volume of 200 micrograms. The mixture is heated to a nearby boiling point to break the hydrogen bonds in the paired DNA and create individual strands that are susceptible to copying. This is called denaturation . The longer the spring is copied, the longer the denaturation process lasts.
Next step in POCThe ymerase chain reaction is called annealing . Primers that are made to order, short springs of DNA, are designed specifically for connecting to places at the beginning and at the end of the segment to be copied. If the primers are incorrectly designed or the temperature at this stage is incorrect, Primer randomly binds to DNA, which will lead to an incorrect copy of the segment. Most primers melt about two-thirds of the way to the boiling point and annealing, a 1-2 minute process, takes place at several degrees below this.
The last steps in the polymerase chain reaction are called extension and the final extension . That's whk magic happens. The polymerase quickly follows the DNA segment and in just minutes it produces millions and millions of copies. Usually the cycle consists of all previous steps, repeated about twenty or thirty times.
The result is a bunch of copied DNA. The chain reactions of polymerase have a number of uses, including paternity testing, presence or absent fromSTI genetic defect or viral DNA, cloning of genes, introducing specific mutations, analysis of DNA of extinct species or dead people, "genetic fingers" at the crime scene and more.
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