What is Cloning?

Cloning is a transliteration of "clone" in English. It is generally translated as replication or transplantation in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. It is the process by which asexual reproduction uses biotechnology to produce offspring with exactly the same genetic tissue as the original individual. Scientists call the process of artificial genetic manipulation of animal reproduction cloning. This biological technology is called cloning technology, which means asexual reproduction. Cloning technology is called "bioamplification technology" in modern biology.

Cloning technology is a pure cell line formed by the division and reproduction of the same ancestral cell. The genes of each cell in the cell line are the same as each other. The English word "clone" for clones is derived from the Greek word "kln" (twig). In 1963, JBS Haldane used the term "clone" in a speech entitled "The biological possibility of the human race in the next 20,000 years."

In horticulture, the word "clon" was used until the 20th century. Later, "e" was sometimes added to the end of a word to indicate "clone" to indicate that "o" is pronounced as a long vowel. With the widespread use of this concept and word in public life, spelling has been restricted to "clone". The Chinese translation of the word is transliterated as "clone" in mainland China, while it is more freely translated as "transplant" or "copy" in Hong Kong and Taiwan. The former "clone" is like the transliteration "copy" of copy, which has the disadvantage of failing to make sense of meaning; while the latter "copy" can roughly express the meaning of clone, it has the regret that it cannot be accurate and easily misunderstood.

Cloning is a transliteration of the English "clone" or "cloning", while the English "clone" originated from the Greek "Klone". The original meaning was to cut seedlings or twigs to

Asexual reproduction refers to reproduction methods that are not combined with bisexual germ cells or natural asexual reproduction methods (such as plants). A clone is a multicellular organism that is genetically identical to another organism. Clone can be

Cloning technology has gone through three development periods: the first period was microbial cloning, that is, a bacterium quickly replicated thousands of bacteria exactly the same, and turned into a bacterial group; the second period was biology Technical cloning, such as using genetic genes-DNA cloning; the third period is

From the text of Wen Wei Po on November 8, 2000

What we mean by the advantages and disadvantages of biotechnology is cloning. The advantages and disadvantages are

Pros: 1) Cloning can relieve the pain of women who cannot become mothers.

2) The implementation of cloning experiments has promoted the development of genetics, opening up prospects for "manufacturing" animal organs that can be transplanted into humans.

3) Cloning technology can also be used to detect genetic defects in the fetus. Fertilized egg clones are used to detect various genetic diseases. The cloned embryos have exactly the same genetic characteristics as the developing fetus in the womb.

4) Cloning technology can be used to treat nervous system damage. Neural tissue in adults has no regenerative capacity, but

As the cutting-edge science of the new century, cloning technology has attracted the attention of many people from the moment it was born. As the world's largest developing country, China has been working on cutting-edge scientific research. According to the current situation, cloning, as an emerging technology, has received unprecedented attention and fruitful results in China:

1. On June 16, 2000, the world's first adult somatic clone goat "Yuanyuan" cultivated by Professor Zhang Yong, an expert in animal embryo engineering at Northwest A & F University, was successfully born at the school's breeding sheep farm. "Yuanyuan" only survived 36 hours due to lung developmental defects. On June 22 of the same year, Yang Yang, the second somatic goat, was born at Northwest A & F University. On August 8, 2001, "Yangyang" gave birth to a pair of "Dragon and Phoenix" at Northwest A & F University, indicating that the first-generation cloned sheep had normal breeding ability.

According to reports, on February 26, 2003, the daughter of the cloned sheep "Yangyang" Qingqing gave birth to thousands of gold "sweet", and on February 6, 2004 "sweet" gave birth to her daughter "laughing". The "Yangyang" family realized four generations together. This not only indicates that the first generation of cloned sheep has fertility, but its offspring still has normal fertility. At present, Yangyang lives carefree with her daughter Qingqing, granddaughter Tiantian and great-granddaughter Xiaoxiao. According to reports, as of the end of May 2004, more than one million people have come to visit

2. Not long ago, under the joint research of Hebei Agricultural University and Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Biotechnology Research Center, Chinese scientific and technological personnel successfully cloned two small cells through an experimental project named "Studies on the Isolation and Cloning of Embryonic Stem Cells from Primitive Germ Cells in Livestock" White Rabbit-"Lu Xing" and "Lu Yue". This experiment shows that China has successfully mastered embryo cloning, and although it has not yet reached the level of "dolly" in somatic cell clone sheep, it has laid the foundation for the progress of cloning technology in China.

Later, the Animal Breeding Institute of Guangxi University in China successfully bred cloned rabbits larger than ordinary rabbits. Because rabbits are closer to human physiology, the successful birth of cloned rabbits is helpful to human medical research.

3. On May 27, 2002, China Agricultural University, in cooperation with Beijing Geneda Technology Co., Ltd. and Lutai Farm in Hebei, successfully cloned the first high-quality yellow cattle in the country, the red line southern Hebei cattle, through somatic cell cloning technology. This somatic cloned cattle named "Bowa" has been identified by authoritative departments, and some cloning technical indicators have reached the international level. Ji'nan cattle is an excellent local cattle breed unique to China. It is distributed in Hebei, China, and is mainly characterized by cold resistance and less meat. However, the number has declined sharply and is now on the verge of extinction. The successful cloning has a profound impact on the protection of endangered species in China.

4. At noon on October 16, 2002, China's first somatic cell cloned cattle cultivated by vitrification freezing technology was born in Liangshan County, Shandong Province.

The nuclear donor of this cloned cow comes from the ear skin fibroblasts of a high-quality friesian cow with an annual output of more than 10 tons of milk. The cloned embryos were vitrified and transferred to a Luxi yellow cattle. After 281 days, a healthy black-and-white cow was produced at 11:52 on October 16, 2002. This cloned cow weighed 40 kg at birth, was 80 cm tall, 72 cm long, 80 cm bust, and 11.5 cm tube. Colostrum at 14:20 on the day, and standing at 14:30. That night, you can bark, lie down, and jump, which is no different from normal born cows. This is the first somatic cloned cow in China to be produced using vitrification freezing technology. Prior to this, fresh embryo transplantation technology has been used in China, and there is no precedent for successful cloning using freezing technology.