What Was Mir?

The Mir station (Russian: , meaning both "peace" and "world") is an orbiting space station built by the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it returned to Russia. It is the first long-term habitable space research center and the first third-generation space station. It has been assembled from several modules in orbit over the years. ^[1]

Chinese name: Mir Station
Foreign name: Russian: ; English: Mir
Attribution: Russia
Types of: Orbital space station

Construction time: February 17, 1976
component: 6 often-on-track components
Disable time: August 28, 1999
Crash time: March 23, 2001

Background requirements for the Mir station

Human beings are not content to make short-term travels in space. In order to develop space, they need to establish long-term living and working bases. Thus, with the advancement of aerospace technology, the conditions for establishing a new residence in space have matured.

The space station is a manned spacecraft that operates for a long time in low-Earth orbit and can be used by many astronauts to live and work. Small space stations can be completed in a single launch, and larger, launchable components can be assembled in space as a whole. All facilities on the space station where someone can live, no longer return to Earth.

History of the Mir Station

Early Mir station

Due to the political pressure at the time, the launch was completed in a very rapid time period. When the first launch was launched, no modules were carried. The Soviet Union once again decided to allow the Alliance T-15 mission to shoulder dual missions, while simultaneously completing the missions of the Mir space station and the Salute 7. ^[2]

EO-1 mission crew commander Leonid Kizmi and flight engineer Vladimir Sorov: took off on Soyuz at 12:33 GMT on March 13, 1986, and landed on March 15 Space station Mir, during which they unloaded materials twice from the space shuttle Progress, on March 19 and 25 on April 23, respectively. On April 17, they controlled The Space Station caught up with Salute 7 on a 4000-kilometer orbit and finally caught up with Salute 7 on May 4. After staying for six weeks on the Mir station, they left the station on May 5 in Soyuz, the only time in the history of aerospace that a spacecraft flew between two space stations.

On May 6th, they arrived at Salute 7 after a day of journey. When Soyuz T-15 was located at Salute 7, the unmanned Soyuz TM-1 also came to the uninhabited Mir on May 23. Stayed for 7 days and left on May 29. Tests were conducted on unmanned aerial vehicles flying independently and orbiting the Mir space station. After 50 days of salute 7 work, Soyuz T-15 returned to the Mir with crew members on June 26 and brought 400 kilograms of scientific instruments, including a spectrometer. The crew of the EO-1 mission spent 20 days on the Mir observation of the earth, and left on July 16, 1986, making the new space station temporarily uninhabited, and no crew has returned to salute. On the 7th, scientists soon gave up control of it, causing him to fall near Argentina.

The space station's second expedition mission, the EO-2 mission was launched by Soyuz on February 5, 1987. When they were on the space station, Quantum 1 was launched on March 30, 1987. This is a series of The first module in the Soviet Union's 37K experimental program to interface with the Mir station. Quantum 1 should be docked with Salute 7 according to the original plan. However, due to technical reasons, the module was allocated to the Mir station during the design development process. The module also carries astrophysics observation equipment with X-ray and ultraviolet functions.

The first docking attempt between Quantum 1 and Mir was performed on April 5, 1987, but failed due to problems with the airborne control system. Astronaut Yuri Romanenko and Alexander Lavekin took a space walk. They found a garbage bag between Quantum 1 and the space station outside the cabin. The bag may have been left by the most recent cargo ship. They cleaned it up. After the garbage bag, Quantum 1 docked with the space station on April 12. ^[3]

20th Century

Mir Station From the early 1970s to the mid-1980s, the former Soviet Union launched two generations of the 7 Salute Space Station. They use a section-type structure, which is composed of several sections of different shapes and sizes. All instruments and equipment can only be installed in the section and the outer surface of the section. This design idea makes the salute space station simple in appearance, easy to implement, less hardware and low cost, and can be launched into orbit with the Proton carrier rocket at one time. In addition to the advantages of rapid investment, it does not require the complex process of docking or assembling large systems on the track, so the risks and difficulties are relatively small and the safety is high. But its shortcomings are also very obvious, small scale, not easy to expand, which greatly limits the size of the payload. Because all the instruments and equipment can only be arranged in the cabin section, it is difficult to reasonably arrange the sub-systems and payloads on the station. Different types of loads cannot be independent of each other and inevitably cause undesirable effects. And because the installation of various loads is very compact, it also makes it difficult to repair or replace the system in the event of a major failure. For the above reasons, the former Soviet Union developed the third-generation Mir space station ^[4]

The Mir station program was formally formulated in 1976. It uses a modular building block structure. The main body of the space station is still a cabin structure. It has a total length of 13.13 meters, a maximum diameter of 4.2 meters, and a total weight of 20.4 tons. It consists of 4 basic parts: a spherical pressurized transfer capsule with a diameter of 2.2 meters, equipped with 5 docking windows with a diameter of 0.8 meters, 1 radial, and 4 symmetrical sides

Core capsule of the Mir station ; The pressurized work cabin, which is the main body of the space station, has a total length of 7.67 meters, and the diameter of the two cylindrical sections is 2.9 meters and 4.2 meters, respectively. The unpressurized service-power module is located at the rear of the space station, except for the main engine and In addition to the propellant, antennas, searchlights, and radio communication antennas are installed; the pressurized transfer docking station, 1.67 meters long and 2 meters in diameter, is located in the center of the service-power cabin and provides the sixth docking channel in the early hours of February 20, 1986 A three-stage proton carrier rocket launched the main body of the Mir station. On March 13, 1986, the Soviet Union launched the Alliance T-15 spacecraft. Astronauts Kizim and Soloviev docked the Mir on the 15th and became the first crew members of the new space station. Their main task is to conduct a comprehensive inspection of the space station. On February 5, 1987, the Alliance TM-2 launched two astronauts: Romanenko and Lavikin. On March 31, 1987, the Soviet Union launched the first experimental capsule with a proton carrier rocket-Quantum 1 began. The official assembly of the Mir space station,

Mid-term space station

Mid-term

Photos of the docking of the Mir capsule and Soyuz spacecraft There are five quantum professional experiment cabins, namely astrophysics physics cabin, service cabin, crystal cabin, optical cabin and natural cabin, which are used for astronomical observation, ground observation, material experiment and processing, and biomedical experiment. The successful docking with the Mir on April 12. After the other cabins were launched on November 26, 1989, May 31, 1990, May 20, 1995, and April 23, 1996, they were docked with the Mir, and the assembly work was all completed. The complete Mir station is 87 meters in length and 123 tons in mass, with an effective volume of 470 cubic meters. As the world's first long-term manned space station, it has been in orbit for a total of 15 years since its birth, which has greatly exceeded the design life of 5 years. It flew more than 80,000 orbits around the earth and traveled 3.5 billion kilometers. 22,000 scientific experiments, completed 23 international scientific investigation plans. A total of 31 Soyuz manned spacecraft and 62 Progress cargoes

State of the Mir station before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union The spacecraft docked with it. It also docked with the United States Space Shuttle 9 times and jointly flew 78 spacewalks from this "man-made sky palace." The total time of extravehicular activities reached 359 hours and 12 minutes. There were 28 long-term inspections. The group and 16 short-term expedition teams engaged in expeditions. A total of 135 astronauts from 12 countries worked on the space station. Astronauts conducted a large number of life science experiments, space materials science and medical experiments on the space station, and obtained extremely valuable results data. Taken many photos of stars and planets, carried out detection of elementary particles and cosmic rays, greatly expanded human understanding of the universe, and explored the possibility of predicting earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and other natural disasters from space

In the medium term, the Mir station has set a number of world firsts: it is the space station with the longest working hours in space, the longest extended service, the most efficient work, and the largest number of astronauts in various countries. Russian astronaut Polyakov created The highest record for a single person flying in space for 438 days. Besides

Photos taken inside Quantum 1 after the fire. The Mir station has also conducted many useful explorations in the experiments of artificial moons and commercialization of space. It has obtained a large amount of data and has great practical value. It has accumulated rich experience for the development and utilization of space and the long-term life of humans in space. In the field, research has been made on the prescription of drugs used in space and the physical recovery methods of astronauts after flight. In the field of biology, he has studied the growth of protein crystals, efficient protein purification, special cell isolation, and special drug preparation. In the field of materials and space processing, more than 600 material experiments have been performed, and 35 types of materials such as semiconductors, glass, and alloys have been manufactured. In terms of ground observation, 10 sites may have rare metal deposits, and 117 sites may have oil veins. Many major discoveries have also been made in astronomical observations. In addition, a large number of new space technologies have been developed.

Solar panel with spectrum number after being hit

In recent years, the Mir has been struggling with its working life. The electronic equipment such as the central computer and storage battery of the space station are seriously aging; the outer surface of the space station is full of scars; the solar cell power supply is abnormal; the internal chemical corrosion of the space station is severe. According to statistics, there have been about 1500 faults in the Mir in 15 years, of which nearly 100 faults have not been eliminated. The migraine is described as scaly and brutal, and it gradually shows signs that the working life is about to end, and it has no power to return. On January 5, 2001, Russian Government Prime Minister Kasyanov signed a government order to end the work of the Mir station, ready to end its glorious historical mission.

Mir and moon, two satellites of the earth.

In the middle of March 20, 2001, the Mir station flew over a space orbit 220 km away from the Russian ground flight control center. After comprehensive analysis of the Mir s orbit parameters and flight attitude, it issued two in succession. The brake signal activated the engine of the Progressive M1-5 cargo ship docked with the Mir. Under the engine's reverse-thrust braking, the Mir's flight speed dropped sharply, the huge space station began to fall down quickly, and gradually entered the intended fall orbit. During the last two laps of Mir's flight around the earth, a ground expert issued Suddenly the last brake signal, the 137-ton behemoth dropped out of Earth orbit and crashed towards the South Pacific ... This is the final result carefully designed by the Russian aerospace expert for the Mir.

The Mir is an important milestone in the development and operation of the manned space station. The space construction, launch, and docking technologies that mankind has mastered in the Mir program include manned aerospace and space walking technologies, space life support technologies, aerospace medicine, bioengineering, astrophysics, astronomical knowledge, and commercial aerospace development experience. It is or will play an irreplaceable role in the International Space Station plan and future space city and moon and Mars base planning.

The final stage of the Mir station

In the last days of the Mir, there were people who wanted to buy the Mir, and planned to make it the first film and television studio in orbit to complete the film and television production process in space. The privately-sponsored alliance TM-30 took Sergei Zalyotin and Alexander Kaleri off the air on April 4, 2000, and carried out two peace stations The monthly repair work hopes to prove that the space station can still be qualified for future work, but this is still the last mission of the space station. After that, the Russian Federal Space Agency no longer has the financial ability to maintain the space station's huge financial expenses because it needs to support the International Space Station program.

The derailment of the Mir was completed in three stages. The first phase relied on a modified version of the Progressive Spacecraft (M1-5), which carried 2.5 times the fuel to maintain the space station in an attenuating orbit of 220 kilometers. In the second phase, the engine was ignited by M1-5 in two phases, namely 00: 32UTC and 02: 01UTC on March 23, 2001. After these two phases, the space station was maintained on an orbital plane of 165 * 220 kilometers. The third phase begins with 05:08 UTC, M1-5 begins to control the space station to flush towards the earth's atmosphere. After about 22 minutes, the space station enters the atmosphere, 05:44 UTC. The space station has completed a 15-year space mission and is located above Fiji. 05 : 52UTC began to be severely damaged. At 06: 00UTC, the wreckage of the unburned space station fell into the cold waters of the South Pacific. To this end, NASA produced related animations to simulate the last time of the Mir.

Over the past 15 years, the Mir has flown more than 80,000 orbits around the earth and traveled 3.5 billion kilometers. A total of 31 Soyuz manned spacecraft and 62 Progress cargo spacecraft have docked with the space station. Astronauts have performed 78 times on the space station. Spacewalk, staying in extra-vehicular space for 359 hours and 12 minutes. There are 28 long-term expeditions and 16 short-term expeditions on the space station. There are 135 astronauts in 12 countries in Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Syria, Bulgaria, Afghanistan, Austria, Canada, and Slovakia. Crew working on the space station. These astronauts conducted 165,000 scientific experiments and completed 23 international scientific expedition plans.

As the Mir was expected to fall into the earth, the owners of Taco Bell Company set a 40 * 40-foot target in the Pacific Ocean. Taco Bell painted their company's symbol, a bell, in the center of this target. And write "Free Tucker is here". Chris Becker, deputy chairman of Taco Bell s brand communications, declared: "If the Mir rings our bell, everyone in the United States can get a Taco Bell taco free of charge. "But the company also bought huge property insurance for this dangerous gamble. Eventually, no debris hit that target.

Development of the Mir station

The core capsule of the Mir station and five expansion slots at the front

The Mir station is a third-generation space system that the Soviet Union decided to develop on February 17, 1976, to replace the previous salute project DOS-17K. Four of the salute space station components have been launched since 1971, and three have been launched during the development of the Mir space station. The plan was to launch the Mir (DOS-7) and the Star (DOS-8) to equip the salute space station with four docking stations.

In February 1979, the Mir program integrated the diamond program managed by Vladimir Chelome. The docking station's interface capabilities have been enhanced to accommodate the TKS spacecraft. Korolev Aerospace is responsible for the overall equipment of the space station, but the entire plan was subcontracted to the salute KB. At the time, the research and development department of the Khrunichev National Aerospace Development Center was busy with energy, salute 7, Soyuz, and progress. . The salute KB was implemented in late 1979, and the original drawings of the Mir were abandoned around 1982-1983. The new system incorporates the digital computer flight control of the salute project and the gyroscope (from the diamond project), a new automatic docking system, a Cowherd communication system, an oxygen generator, and a carbon dioxide filter. ^[5]

In early 1984, the Mir station's plan came to a near standstill, and all funds were transferred to the Blizzard Program to support the early launch of the Blizzard Space Shuttle. However, the funds were quickly returned to the plan. At the end of February and early March, Valentin Glushko said at the 27th Party Congress that the Mir station must be launched in early 1986.

Now that all plans are clear, the space station must be launched in early 1986. On April 12, 1984 (Astronaut Day), the space station was transported to Baikonur for final system integration and testing. On May 6, 1985, the Mir arrived at the launch site. The ground model test results at the Khrunichev National Aerospace Development Center required the replacement or rework of 1,100 of the 2,500 cables. The Mir was pushed to the clean room in October 1985. The first attempt to launch was on February 16, 1986, but it failed due to communication problems. The second attempt was successfully launched at 21:28:23 UTC on February 19, 1986. Meet the political bottom line of the Soviet Union at the time.

Mir station failure

Spectrum solar panels after the space station was hit on June 25, 1997

The space shuttle Mir was a new space station program jointly announced by then US Vice President Al Gore and then Russian Prime Minister Victor Stepanovich Chernomelkin in 1993. The plan gradually evolved into what is now the International Space Station. They also agreed that the United States will also participate in the Mir station program in the future. The space shuttle will be involved in transporting supplies and astronauts to the Mir, and US astronauts will live on the Mir for several months, and allow US astronauts and Russian astronauts to share aviation flight experience.

The United States' participation also brought a new source of funding for the Mir space station program. The most significant result was the launch of the Spectrum and Nature. Moreover, the docking cabin transported by the Atlantis also made it easier for the Mir to dock with the space shuttle.

Since March 1995, American astronauts have lived on the Mir for 28 months, and while they were on the Mir, handled many emergency emergencies, including a small fire on February 23, 1997, The two basic electrolytic oxygen generators on the space station continued to fail, and the three astronauts on the station had to use lithium perchlorate devices to produce oxygen. When astronaut Lazotkin used lithium perchlorate to make oxygen in the Quantum 1 cabin, the oxygen generator suddenly burst, causing a fire. The open flame burned for 90 seconds, and the smoke spread to the entire space station. Mask, thick smoke lasted 5-7 minutes. Fortunately, the air filtration system on the station performed well and did not cause greater harm to the astronauts. And in a docking experiment with the unmanned spacecraft Progress on June 25, 1997, it hit the Mir, causing the worst collision accident in the history of spaceflight. The impact caused a severe air leak. Fortunately, the two astronauts accurately located and plugged the loopholes in time to avoid excessive oxygen leakage. After this collision, a hole was left in the spectrum number, and then they closed the channel to the spectrum number. In both cases, astronauts almost used evacuation escape ships. After these accidents, NASA began to focus on whether the Mir program needs to continue to ensure the safety of astronauts. In June 1998, the last American astronaut, Andy Thomas, left the Mir station on the space shuttle Discovery.

During its 15-year service in the space station, a total of 2,000 failures occurred, of which nearly 1,000 failures have not been eliminated. The station's central computer has also aged to the point that it must be completely replaced. The temperature regulation system of the space station also kept malfunctioning, and the local temperature in the space capsule was sometimes as high as 53 degrees Celsius. The battery on the space station also had two abnormal discharges, which resulted in a brief loss of contact between Mir and the ground and a partial power outage on the space station.

The original follow-up plan of the Mir station was Mir 2 , and the new plan is now part of the International Space Station, including the core service module Star.

Milestones of the Mir Station

199

Soyuz and Space Station photographed from the Atlantis window On February 20, 6 years, the 10th anniversary of the launch of the Russian Mir space station. The space station orbited the Earth 57157 orbits and traveled nearly 2.5 billion kilometers. It has received 78 spaceships and 59 people entering the station. Among them, the astronaut Polyakov accumulated a total of 679 days in space and the longest was 438 days. On February 21, the Russian Federation spacecraft TM23 carried Onuflenko and Usachev to the Mir to replace Gyentenko, Avdeyev and Wright there. After five astronauts worked on the station for a week, the three astronauts who were on the station returned to the ground on the 29th Soyuz TM22 spacecraft.

On March 22, the US space shuttle Atlantis carried six people into the air. Two of the six were women, one of whom was Shannon Lucid, 53 ,. On the 23rd, the third docking with the Mir was achieved. After the docking, Lucid went to the Mir, becoming the first female astronaut in the United States to enter the Russian Mir space station. In addition, the space shuttle carried 1 ton of water and scientific equipment into the Mir, and US and Russian astronauts exchanged souvenirs. On March 29, the space shuttle separated from the Mir and returned to the ground on the 31st. This is the 76th flight of the US Space Shuttle. ^[6]

On April 23, Russia used the Proton rocket to launch the last module of the Mir space station, the natural module, into orbit on the 26th. It successfully docked with the Mir, and completed the construction of the Mir. The main task of this module is to observe the ground. . So far, the Mir 1 has been docked with Quantum 1, Quantum 2, Crystal, Spectrum, Nature and other cabins. Another alliance TM23 is docked with it, with a total weight of more than 120 tons and nearly 400 cubic meters of available space. Meter,

On August 17, Russia successfully launched the Soyuz TM24 manned spacecraft with the Soy Y rocket. On the 19th, the spacecraft was docked with the Mir, and Russian astronauts Korzun, Kareli and French female astronaut Andre-De-Eye entered the Mir, and joined Onuflenko, Usachev and Lucid. On September 2, the Austrian, Ukrainian, and Ancheng Alliance TM23 returned. On September 16, the US space shuttle Atlantis carried six people to the sky. On the 18th, the fourth docking with the Mir was achieved, and the American Blech was sent to the Mir and the female astronaut Lucid was returned. On the 23rd, the space shuttle disengaged from the Mir. On the 26th, the shuttle returned to the ground. Lucid lived in space for 188 days, breaking the highest female flight record in space set by Russia's Kandakova. This is the 79th flight of the American Space Shuttle, ^[6]

Mir Station On January 12, 1997, the US space shuttle Atlantis took off with six people on board. One of them was Blinger's replacement, Lininger. On the 15th, the space shuttle and the Mir achieved the fifth docking. On the 19th, the space shuttle returned from the Mir, and at the same time took back Brech, who had flown in space for 128 days. The shuttle returned on the 22nd. This is the 81st flight of the US space shuttle.

On February 10, the Russian Federation spacecraft TM25 took off with two Russian astronauts Zibreyev and Razotkin and an American astronaut Lininger. On the 12th, due to the failure of the automatic docking system, the astronauts manually docked with the Mir, ^[6]

On February 23, two basic electrolytic oxygen generating devices on the Mir continued to fail, and the three astronauts on the station switched to using lithium perchlorate devices to produce oxygen. When the astronaut Lazotkin made oxygen in the Quantum 1 cabin, the oxygen generator suddenly burst, causing the fire to burn for 90 seconds. The smoke filled the entire space station. Astronauts put on gas masks and continued to smoke 5- 7 minutes. Fortunately, the air filtration system on the station performed well and did not cause greater harm to the astronauts. ^[6]

On April 6, Russia's progressive M34 cargo ship was launched. On the 8th, it docked with the Mir, and sent 3 fire extinguishers, electrolytic oxygen generating spare parts, fuel and

Mir Station On June 25, a routine re-docking test of Progressive M34 was carried out. When Russian astronaut Zipliyev guided the spacecraft to dock with the Mir by remote control, a collision accident occurred between the spacecraft and the Mir spectrum cabin. The cabin hit a 300mm square hole near the radiator, and deflected the two solar sails, causing the space station to reduce its power by half.

On April 29, Russian Zibliyev and Lininger of the United States conducted the first Russian-U.S. Astronaut joint space walk. The two worked outside the Mir capsule for 4 hours and 57 minutes to assemble and operate the space station. drill. ^[6]

On May 15, the US space shuttle Atlantis took off with 7 people on board. On the 16th, it docked with the Mir for the sixth time, sending American astronaut Fowler to the Mir to replace Lininger, and brought 1.8 tons of supplies for the Mir, including an oxygen generator and repair tools. It separated from the Mir on the 21st, and Lininger returned to the ground randomly on the 24th. This is the 84th US space shuttle flight.

On July 18, an astronaut on the Russian Mir accidentally damaged the guidance system on the Mir, causing the solar sail to deviate from the sun, causing another power outage. To this end, ground personnel decided to stop the out-of-cavity repair spectrum Spacecraft work, this work will be completed by the next batch of astronauts.

On August 5, an oxygen supply system on the Russian Mir station failed again. There are two oxygen supply electronic systems on the Mir, one of which has already been shut down due to insufficient electricity. ^[6]

On the same day, the Russian launch alliance TM26 was launched. On the 7th, the Mir was manually docked. Solooviev and Vinogradov at the station met with the three astronauts on the station, and they will replace Ziblyev and Razotkin. On September 6, Solovyov and Fowler worked in space for 6 hours. They found that the surface of the spectral cabin that had been hit by the Progress cargo ship was severely damaged, but the entire spectral cabin shell was intact. They also adjusted the orientation of the solar panels to ensure the energy of the spectral cabin. This is the 200th manned space flight in the world.

On September 26, the U.S. space shuttle Atlantis took off with 7 people and sent the US astronaut Wolfe to the Mir, replacing Forre on the Mir on the 27th and the Mir for the seventh time. Docking and sending a computer and 4 tons of materials for repairing the Mir. On October 3, Fowler, who had separated from the Mir and worked on the Mir for four and a half months, returned with the same plane. This is the 87th flight of the US space shuttle.

On November 6, Russia's Soloviev and Vigradov once again walked outside the Mir cabin, installing a new solar windsurfing board to replace the windsurfing board that was damaged by the cargo ship Progress. They were used in space. It took 6 hours and 17 minutes. When entering the cabin, another leak was found in the Quantum 2 transition capsule.

On December 20, the Russian Progress M37 cargo spacecraft was lifted off. On the 22nd, it docked with the Mir space to transport supplies, 9 magpies, and 120 snails for the Mir for space weightlessness experiments. ^[6]

On January 23, 1998, the US space shuttle Endeavour carried 7 people into space to carry out the eighth shuttle mission and Mir mission. Thomas, who arrived on the same flight, replaced Wolfe with a pit stop, and Wolfe returned with Endeavour. This is the 89th flight of the US space shuttle.

On March 14th, the Russian progress M38 cargo spacecraft was lifted off. On the 17th, it docked with the Mir space station. In addition to being sent to support, there was also a new external engine to replace the old engine that had expired.

On May 15th, the Russian progress M39 cargo spacecraft took off, and on the 17th it docked with the Mir.

On June 2, the US space shuttle Discovery carried 6 people into the air, one of whom was Russian astronaut Liu Ming. Docking with Mir on the 4th, this is the ninth docking of the US space shuttle with Mir. The main mission is to take back the US astronaut Thomas who worked on the Mir, and also test the new fuel tank of the Alpha Space Station with an Alpha spectrum analyzer with Chinese participation. It is the first time in space to find antimatter and dark matter. 91 flights

On August 13, the Russian Federation spacecraft TM28 was launched into space with three people, and the spacecraft docked with Mir on the 15th. The astronauts are Batakal, Avdeev, and Baturin. Baturin was the first Russian government official to enter space, and he served as defense assistant to President Yeltsin. On the 25th, Batulin returned with the TM28 spacecraft along with Mazabayev and Brinda who were already on the station.

On October 25, the Russian Progress M40 cargo spacecraft took off. ^[6]

On February 22, 1999, the crew of Space Station Mir 27 successfully connected to the Space Station Mir. Earlier, on February 20, the crew of the Mir 27 spacecraft successfully launched the Soyuz TM-29 spacecraft and arrived at the Mir space station. Crew 27 plans to stay on the space station for six months. The crew includes Russia's Afannassiyev, France's Haignere, and Beira and Padaca. The latter two will return in early March. ground.

On February 27, 1999, half of the crew of the Mir station 26 and Bella took off from the space station with the Soyuz TM-28, and landed in Kazakhstan on February 28, 1999. Avideyev remained with the crew of the Mir 27, Avanasiyev and Haigner, on the space station.

On August 27, 1999, Avanasiyev, Avideyev, and Frenchman Haguenaire of Mir 27 flew away from the Mir space station on the Soyuz TM-29, At 0:35 GMT on August 28, the "progressive M-42" cargo ship landed near Chapayenka, 60 kilometers away from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, and was still docked axially with the front end of the Mir station. On February 2, 2000, the "Progressive M-42" spacecraft left the space station and returned to the atmosphere to self-destruct.

On February 1, 2000, Russia launched the "progressive M1-1" cargo spacecraft to support the crew of the Mir, which will perform a 45-72-day mission on the SoyuzTM. "Progress" docked with "Peace" on February 3. The main supplies loaded on this delivery ship are nitrogen / oxygen and fuel supplies. Russia re-launched the Mir into 350 kilometers of high-altitude orbit. The Progressive M-42 spacecraft, which has been docked axially with the Mir, disconnected from the space station on February 2 and returned to the atmosphere to self-destruct.

On April 6, 2000, the Soyuz TM-30 spacecraft sent 28 members of the Mir space station to the space station for manual docking with the Mir space station.

On April 25, 2000, the "progressive" M1-2 cargo ship was launched to support the 28 members of the Mir station, which will live on the space station for 45-72 days. The "progressive" M1-2 cargo ship docked with the "Peace" space station on April 28. It mainly provides fuel, nitrogen / oxygen supply and food. Previously, the "progressive" M1-1 cargo ship had been on April 26 with The Mir station disengaged and returned to the atmosphere to self-destruct three hours later.

On April 28, 2000, the "Progressive" M1-2 cargo ship docked with the "Mirp" space station and left the space station on October 15 and returned to the atmosphere to self-destruct over New Zealand. The ship is mainly responsible for "progressive" The M-43 cargo spacecraft docked with the Mir space station in preparation.

On June 16, 2000, the 28 members of the Mir station safely landed 45 kilometers southeast of Akalik, Kazakhstan.

On October 16, 2000, the "progressive" M-43 cargo spacecraft was launched to lift off, preparing to raise the orbital altitude of the "Mira" space station; on October 21, the cargo spacecraft and the "Mira" space station tail end connection port were in phase Pick up.

On January 24, 2001, the "progressive" M1-5 tanker was launched into the sky, and docked with the Mir station from the rear end on January 27. The ship will assist the Mir landing in early March.

On January 25, 2001, the "progressive" M-43 cargo spacecraft separated from the Mir space station at the aft end and returned to the atmosphere to self-destruct on January 29. ^[6]

Living conditions of the Mir station

Mir Space Station Mir Daily

Mir core capsule The Mir orbits the earth every 90 minutes, 200 miles from the earth, and the Moon orbits the earth every 28 days, 240,000 miles from the earth. The Mir weighs about 100 tons and is full of cables, scientific instruments, and some personal belongings. There are usually three astronauts, and when most crowded, there will be six astronauts at the station for a month. Astronauts have always been visiting the Mir until August 28, 1999. During the implementation of the Space Shuttle program, Russian astronauts were responsible for repairing and maintaining the space station, and American astronauts mainly performed human physiology, biology, microbiology, and materials science experiments on the space station.

Use of the Mir station

The US space shuttle has been docking with the Mir space station since June 25, 1995. Prior to their first docking, Mir's Mir-19 team used the "Lyappa" manipulator arm to re-dodge the crystal capsule to clear space for the "Atlantis" space shuttle. In November 1995, a Russian-made docking capsule was delivered on the STS-74 space shuttle mission and connected to the crystal capsule. Finally, the natural space remote sensing capsule was installed opposite the crystal capsule. A total of 31 manned spacecraft docked with the Mir in its "lifetime", including 9 space shuttles and 64 unmanned cargo ships. ^[2]

MiR environment

NASA astronaut John Blaha said that the air at the space station was very healthy, neither dry nor wet, and no smell. He also said that the newly added spectrum number and nature number seem to be able to live on it for 10 years without taking it home for cleaning.

Shannon Lucid was the longest woman in space at the time during the Mir s stay (broken by Sunita Williams on the International Space Station 11 years later) and said: "I feel like working on the space station every day It's very similar to the work of the Antarctica Expedition, the difference is that it's very isolated here. It's really isolated. You can't get more support from the ground. You are really working for yourself. "

Unofficial contact of the Mir station

Two amateur radio callsigns were assigned to the Mir in the late 1980s, U1MIR and U2MIR , allowing amateur radio enthusiasts and astronauts of the Mir space station to communicate.

Application for boarding of the Mir station

Peter Rodney Livering had the opportunity to board the space station in 1999 ^[7] , and he was willing to pay $ 100 million for the visit, which almost convinced the Russian Federal Space Agency, but later he was subjected to The opportunity was lost by allegations of fraud. (Including the United States, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Australia)

Mir support station

The space station's support vehicles mainly rely on Soyuz and Progress. Soyuz is mainly responsible for transporting astronauts and rotating crew members. Soyuz also acts as a lifeboat, which can send astronauts back to Earth relatively quickly in an emergency. The unmanned Progress is mainly responsible for cargo missions and resupplying space stations.

The two external docking systems carried by the Crystal were originally prepared for the Blizzard, but the plan was subsequently abandoned, and the device was later used in the US space shuttle. During the Mir mission, the space shuttle also served as a space station support system to carry astronauts and cargo, allowing astronauts from the United States and other Western countries to visit or stay on the space station for long periods of time. The space shuttle brought a large amount of cargo to the space station and extended the space station's supply time. When the space shuttle docked with the space station, the space station temporarily expanded the living and working space, and became the largest spacecraft in human history at that time. A total of 249 tons.

Structural module of Mir station

Mir station module

The Mir builds and connects seven different modules, which are launched in batches by the Proton-K launch vehicle. Except for the docking bay, this was brought into the sky by the Atlantis.

Core module: Launched on February 19, 1986, carrying the Proton-K launch vehicle. 20,100 kilograms (44,313 pounds). The function is the main living area, a core station that interfaces with all other modules.

Quantum 1: Launched on March 31, 1987, carrying a Proton-K launch vehicle. Docking on April 9, 1987. 10,000 kg (22,046 pounds). The plan is Alliance TM-2. For astronomical and scientific experimental materials.

Quantum 2: Launched on November 26, 1989. It carries a Proton-K launch vehicle. Docking on December 6, 1989. 19,640 kilograms (43,299 pounds), planned for Alliance TM-8. The effect is to update more advanced life support systems and an airtight room.

Crystal: Launched on May 31, 1990. It carries a Proton-K launch vehicle. Docking on June 10, 1990. 19,640 kilograms (43,299 pounds). The file is Alliance TM-9. Established a laboratory for geophysics and astrophysics.

Spectrum number: Launched on May 20, 1995, carrying a proton K-launch vehicle. Docking on June 1, 1995. The 19,640 kg (43,299 pounds) alliance program is Alliance TM-21. Features prepare for the Mir shuttle program.

Docking Module: Launched on January 12, 1995, carrying the Atlantis (STS-74). Docking on January 15, 1995. 6,134 kilograms (13523 pounds) Alliance program is Alliance TM-22. Features Install docking slots for US space shuttles to fit the Mir shuttle program.

Nature: Launched on April 23, 1996, carrying a proton K-launch vehicle. Docking on April 26, 1996. The 19,000 kg (41,888 lb) alliance program is Alliance TM-23. The function is a remote earth remote sensing module. ^[8]

Structure of the Mir station

Mir Station Contains 6 components that are often in orbit: core capsule, astronomical and physical capsule Quantum 1, airlock capsule Quantum 2, experimental capsule "Crystal", remote sensing capsule "Spectrum", and Earth observation capsule "Nature"; The agency provided it with a docking bay dedicated to docking with the space shuttle.

Designed uses of the Mir station

Launched on February 20, 1986, the Mir core capsule provides basic services, astronaut residency, life insurance, power and scientific research capabilities.-TM-M6199031987-1()1989-2(2)1990(2)1995331995()()1996426--()87,175(223),470 19952611.362951996322319969261889

Year 1999

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The Mir station began to disintegrate.

6. 9:30 Moscow time (14:30 Beijing time)

Debris from the Mir station crashed into the intended area of the South Pacific.

Information about the Mir station

Fall of Mir The legacy of the Mir station, the core module of the International Space Station, the Star is the second component of its plan.

In his book Dragonfly: NASA and the Crisis Aboard Mir, Bryan Burrough details the early development of the space station.

Polyakov, Valery V. recorded life on the space station in his book 679 Days of Space Detention.

The Space Station played an important relay gas station role in the 1998 Doomsday movie. In this film, the Space Station was simply called the Russian Space Station and exploded due to a fuel leak.

In the 1997 movie Macross Contact, Peace Station served as a refuge for a character named Hadden Suit.

Peter Rodney Livering had the opportunity to board the space station after paying $ 100 million.

In the first season of South Park, Ani died the first time he was hit by a space station crash, and everyone died after the crash. Three and a half years after the space station aired the film, it derailed and crashed into the South Pacific.

In the 1999 film virus, the space station was invaded by an alien species.

In the Chilean comedy film "ChilePuede", an illegal private Chilean aerospace company was suspected by the U.S. government and it joined forces with Arab al-Qaeda in preparing to attack the United States using satellites. A Russian scientist guided his astronaut nephew working on the space station to avoid devastating events.

In the science fiction novel Angels published in 1991, the Mir and the US Liberty Space Station docked and became a huge astronaut's habitat in space.

In a short story written by Robert J. Sawyer, in all of the above, American astronauts boarded the space station and brought back the bodies of Russian astronauts.

In the 2012 film Steel Sky, Russia and a number of countries violated the agreement, converted the space station into a space warship, and assisted in attacking the Nazi base on the moon. ^[11]