What Is the Difference Between a Journal and Ledger?

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Multi-column journal

The registration method of a multi-column journal is basically the same as the registration method of a tri-column journal, and it must be registered in accordance with the order in which economic transactions occur according to the receipt voucher and payment lease certificate. The difference is that each occurrence of inventory cash, bank deposits, and other monetary fund receipt and payment business (except for internal cash conversion business) must be classified according to the specific items of the cash flow statement and registered in the project column of the project. From this point See, the registration method for a multi-column journal is the same as for a multi-column expense account.

In order to meet the registration requirements of multi-column journals, the format of the accounting voucher can be slightly modified, and the "detailed account" column is changed to the "detailed account or cash flow item" column. The receipts and payments of cash, bank deposits, and other monetary funds are appropriately classified according to the cash flow statement items. When the accounting supervisor reviews the receipt and payment vouchers, they need to classify the items in the audit vouchers according to the project classification standards specified in the cash flow statement guidelines. Correctness. The cashier will register directly to the corresponding column of the multi-column journal according to the classified items on the audited receipt and payment lease certificate.

Under this account processing procedure, since the cash journal and bank deposit journal are set up according to their corresponding accounts, they play the role of summary receipts and summary receipts. At the end of the month, you can directly based on the current month of these journals. Register the general ledger of the balance of receipts and payments and the balance of each corresponding account. When registering, you should debit the cash and bank deposit general ledger according to the current month's total amount of the multi-column journal Total Revenue Column, and record the total monthly amount of each corresponding account under the income column. Credits of the general classification account; at the same time, according to the current month's total payment in the multi-column journal "payment total column", the credits of the general classification account of cash and bank deposits will be recorded separately, and the current account of each corresponding account under the payment column The total monthly incurred amount is debited to each of the relevant general classification accounts. As for the business of mutual transfer between cash and bank deposits, since it has been included in the total income and expenditure of the cash journal and bank deposit journal, respectively, there is no need to register the general ledger according to the column of the corresponding account to avoid duplication. For the transfer business, the general ledger is registered according to the account summary table of the transfer voucher or directly based on the transfer voucher. The use of a multi-column journal account processing program can simplify the registration of the general ledger. However, if a company's economic business is complicated, it will inevitably cause too many diary entries and huge account pages, making it difficult to register. Therefore, this kind of account processing procedure is only applicable to units that have a large scale and a large number of businesses but use fewer accounting subjects. The multi-column detailed ledger is based on the characteristics of economic business and the needs of business management, and reflects the accounting information of each related detailed subject or detailed item on one account page.

Respondent's supplement 2010-03-18 16:56 The general ledger is the abbreviation of the general classification account, which is set up according to the accounting subjects, which reflects the changes in the accounting elements and their changes and their results.

The general ledger satisfies the identity of assets = liabilities + owner's equity.

The general ledger generally adopts a three-column form, or a double-column form or a checkerboard form. In addition, various forms of summary can be combined to use a multi-column form (such as a journal general ledger). The three-column format is the commonly used basic format; the double-column format is only applicable to virtual accounts with no balance at the end of the period (temporary and transitional accounts such as income and expenses); the checkerboard ledger is helpful to reflect the correspondence between accounts, However, the account pages are huge and the workload is also very large. It is only suitable for enterprises with small business volume and few application subjects.

There are several registration methods for general ledger, and there are two commonly used ones: one is to register one by one according to the accounting vouchers as you said. Its disadvantage is that if the business volume of the enterprise is large, the workload of bookkeeping is large, which is suitable for small scale and business Enterprises with a small amount; one is to periodically compile account summary tables based on accounting vouchers, and then register the general ledger according to the account summary tables. This method greatly simplifies the workload of bookkeeping, and can also perform trial calculations while preparing the account summary tables. Balanced to ensure the quality of bookkeeping, it is suitable for large-scale and large-volume businesses.

At the end of the month, the current account balance and period-end balance in the settlement account records shall be summarized, and the accounting statements shall be prepared accordingly. When you check out monthly, you need to write "Total for this month" in the summary column, and then draw a single red line in the column below. The monthly settlement does not require all accounts to accumulate accumulated amounts. Generally, the account is required to settle the "this month's accumulation" of certain accounts. It is settled in the sub-line of "total this month." .

At the end of December, write "accumulated this year" in the summary column, and then draw a double red line in the column below.

A detailed ledger, also called a detailed ledger, is usually set up according to the detailed account to which the general ledger account belongs, and is used to classify and register a certain type of economic business and provide related detailed accounting information. The detailed ledger is the basic procedure and basic link for forming useful accounting information. With the help of the detailed ledger, you can not only further process and organize economic business information or data, and then use the general ledger to form accounting information suitable for accounting statements. Understanding the formation of accounting information provides specific information and relevant clues.

To the ledger can take many forms. According to the requirements of property and material management and the economic content of detailed classification records, the format of the detailed account page is:

(A) tri-column

The three-column detailed account has only three debit, credit, and balance columns, and no quantity column. This format is suitable for those detailed accounts that only need to be accounted for in amounts but not in quantity, such as the detailed classification and accounting of debt and debt settlement accounts such as "accounts receivable" and "accounts payable".

(Two) the amount of money

The account page of the detailed account of quantity and amount is provided with the columns of quantity and amount respectively according to income, issue and balance. This format is suitable for detailed accounting of various property materials that require both amount calculation and physical quantity accounting, such as detailed classification and accounting of property materials such as "raw materials" and "finished products".

(Three) multi-column

The multi-column detailed ledger account pages are divided into several columns according to detailed accounts or detailed items, so that the amount of each related detailed account or each detailed item of a detailed account is reflected on the same account page. This format is suitable for detailed accounting of expenses, costs, revenues and results, such as detailed accounting of subjects such as "manufacturing expenses", "management", "non-operating income" and "non-operating expenses".

In the form of books, the general ledger is loose-leaf, which is more convenient.

The difference between general ledger and subledger and cash journal:

A cash journal is a book of daily income, payments, and balances of cash on hand. Cash journals must use book-entry books. Bank statements or other methods may not be used in place of journals.

Reconciliation of cash journals

(1) Reconciliation of cash journal with cash receipt and payment voucher. The receipt and payment vouchers are the basis for registering the cash journal, and the accounts and vouchers should be completely consistent. However, in the process of bookkeeping, due to careless work and other reasons, re-recording, omissions, wrong directions or wrong numbers often occur. Account verification shall be performed one by one in accordance with the order in which the business occurred. The main items to be checked are: check the voucher number; review the bookkeeping voucher and the original voucher to see if they are completely consistent; check the consistency of the amount and direction of the check voucher; if an error is found, it should be corrected immediately according to prescribed methods to ensure The certificates are exactly the same.

(2) Reconciliation of cash journal and cash general ledger. The cash journal is registered one by one according to the receipt and payment vouchers, and the general cash ledger is collectively registered according to the receipt and payment vouchers. The basis of the accounting is the same, and the recorded results should be completely consistent. However, because the two types of books are recorded separately by different persons, and the general ledger is generally registered, errors may occur during the summary and registration process; the journal is recorded one by one, and the number of records is Many errors are unavoidable. Therefore, the cashier should regularly issue a "cash report" to check with the general ledger accountant. Usually check the balance of the two accounts frequently. After the end of each month, the debit balance, credit balance and balance of each account in the general ledger have been trial-balanced. Be sure to debit the cash in the general ledger this month. , The credit balance and the month-end balance are reconciled with the cash journal's total monthly income (debit) total, this month's total expenditure (credit) total, and the balance to see if the accounts are completely consistent. If not, first find out which side the error is. If the debit side has an error, look up the cash receipt voucher, bank deposit payment voucher (cash withdrawal business), and cash income account; otherwise, look for cash payment. Vouchers and cash payers' accounts. After finding the errors, they should be corrected in accordance with the prescribed methods to ensure that the accounts are consistent.

(3) Reconciliation of cash journals with cash on hand. The cashier should check the account balance by himself after the end of daily business. First settle the book balance of the cash journal for the day, and then check the actual amount of cash in the inventory to see if the two completely match. In actual work, anyone who has cash receipts and payment vouchers that are too late to register on the same day should be calculated according to "the actual amount of cash in stock + the amount of undocumented payment vouchers-the amount of unaccounted vouchers = cash journal account balance "To check the formula. Repeated checks still do not match, which means that the journal or the actual cash collection and payment are incorrect. In this case, on the one hand, the cashier should report to the person in charge of accounting, on the other hand, they should recall the receipt and payment transactions handled on the same day by day, and try to find the cause of the error as soon as possible.

Enterprise leaders and the competent accounting department may also organize regular and irregular inventory checks of the cash inventories of the cashiers of the unit. After the inventory check is completed, an inventory cash check report form shall be prepared.