What Is a Niacin Flush?

Nicotinic acid belongs to vitamin B ₃ , also known as nicotinic acid and anti-dermatosis factor. Its molecular formula is C ₆ H ₅ NO ₂ and its chemical name is 3-picolinic acid. acid. Niacin is white or slightly yellow crystal in appearance and is soluble in water. It is mainly found in animal viscera and muscle tissues, and it is also found in trace amounts in fruits and egg yolk. At present, nicotinic acid is mainly used as a feed additive, which can improve the utilization rate of feed protein, increase the milk production of dairy cows, and increase the yield and quality of fish, chicken, duck, cattle, and sheep. Nicotinic acid is also a widely used pharmaceutical intermediate. With it as a raw material, it can synthesize a variety of medicines, such as nicorex and inositol nicotinate. In addition, niacin also plays an irreplaceable role in areas such as luminescent materials, dyes, and electroplating industries. ^[1]

Chinese name: niacin
nickname: Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; nicotinic acid; nicotinic acid; niacin; nicotine acid; vitamin PP
Chemical formula: C6H5NO2
Molecular weight: 123.11

CAS Registry Number: 59-67-6
EINECS registration number: 200-441-0
Melting point: 234-238 ° C
Water soluble: 1-5 g / 100 mL at 17 ° C
Density: 1.473

Physicochemical Properties of Niacin

Niacin molecular formula This product is white crystal or crystalline powder; odorless or slightly odorous, slightly acidic; the aqueous solution is acidic. This product is soluble in boiling water or boiling ethanol, slightly soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, almost insoluble in ether; soluble in sodium carbonate test solution or sodium hydroxide test solution. ^[2]

Mechanism of Niacin

Niacin can be converted into nicotinamide in animals. It is contained in the coenzyme molecule of dehydrogenase and is a component of coenzyme I (NAD) and coenzyme II (NADP). The nicotinamide part of the two coenzyme structures in the body has reversible hydrogenation and dehydrogenation properties, so it plays a role in transferring hydrogen during the redox process. ^[3]

Niacin Niacin Demand

Niacin is an indispensable nutrient component in humans and animals. The human body's daily demand for niacin is 10-20 mg for adults and 4-11 mg for babies. Niacin is also required in animal diets such as pigs and chickens. In addition to the synthesis of intestinal microorganisms and direct supply of feed, the required niacin is also used in the case of tryptophan in the synthesis of protein and there is excess. Niacin can be synthesized in the body, so the tryptophan content in the feed is also an important factor that determines the amount of niacin required. ^[3]

The main value of niacin

Niacin and its derivative, nicotinamide, belong to the vitamin B series of compounds and are not

niacin The lack of nutrients plays an important role in promoting the normal growth and development of the human body. ^[4]

Niacin can affect the hematopoietic process, promote iron absorption and blood cell production; maintain normal skin function and secretion of digestive glands; improve the excitability of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system, reticular endothelial system, and endocrine function. In addition, the performance of livestock and poultry can be improved. Nicotinic acid can significantly increase feed conversion and egg production, and when it is insufficient, it can affect sugar fermentation, citric acid cycle, respiratory chain and fatty acid biosynthesis, which can cause niacin deficiency. ^[3]

Niacin is also an important pharmaceutical raw material and chemical intermediate. Nicotinic acid can be used to synthesize many drugs for treating various skin diseases, hypertension, coronary heart disease, etc. It can also be used as a pharmaceutical intermediate for the production of isoniazid, nicoxam, and inositol nicotinate. Niacin is also widely used in luminescent materials, dyes, animal feed, etc. ^[4]

Niacin Food Source

Niacin is found in animal liver and kidney, milk, eggs, bran and fresh vegetables.

Niacin-List many. ^[4]

Niacin synthesis method

Niacin was synthesized in the laboratory for the first time in 1867, but it was not really industrialized until the 1930s. Initially industrialized synthesis of nicotinic acid by oxidizing nicotine, and later most used alkylpyridines such as quinoline, 2-methyl-5ethylpyridine and 3-methylpyridine as raw materials, and synthesized nicotinic acid by chemical or electrochemical oxidation. Classification from synthetic methods, generally divided into reagent oxidation methods using nitric acid, potassium permanganate, etc. as oxidants, ammonia oxidation method using ammonia and air as oxidants, direct air oxidation method, electrolytic oxidation method, biological conversion method and pyridine hydroxyl Chemical law, etc. Classified from the main raw materials, there are nicotine, 6-hydroxyquinoline, naphthalene, pyridine, pyridine-3-carboxaldehyde, 3-methylpyridine, 2-methyl-5-ethylpyridine, and the most widely used is 3-methyl Pyridine route. ^[1]

Nicotinic acid alkylpyridine direct oxidation method

Nitric acid oxidation

Using nitric acid as an oxidant, a mixture of nitric acid aqueous solution and MEP was introduced into a titanium tube reactor, and the mixture was reacted at 330 ° C and 29 MPa for 8 hours and then separated and purified to obtain pure niacin. ^[1]

Air oxidation

Air oxidation method uses air as an oxidant to directly oxidize 3-methylpyridine to synthesize nicotinic acid.

niacin Due to its high efficiency and low cost, it has attracted much attention in recent years. This method was first introduced into the alkyl pyridine with a catalyst to carry out the oxidation reaction in the air, and then it was improved to use 3-methylpyridine as a raw material in a fixed-bed reactor at 350 ° C to 400 ° C. Nicotinic acid was synthesized by catalytic oxidation reaction for 3h. The catalyst can be applied for a long time. The direct oxidation of 3-methylpyridine to obtain nicotinic acid through air has good economic efficiency. If it can increase the single-pass conversion rate, it will become a low-cost and high-efficiency production process. Its core lies in high efficiency and low cost. The development of long-life catalysts is currently in the laboratory research stage, and there have been no reports of successful industrialization. ^[1]

Electrolytic oxidation

The electrolytic oxidation method is widely used in production due to its advantages such as mild conditions, low oxidant price, low toxicity and pollution, and low production cost. Similar to the chemical oxidation method, nicotinic acid is often synthesized by electrochemical oxidation using alkylpyridines as raw materials, but the disadvantage is that the electrolysis efficiency is low, mainly because of the poor permeability of the separator used in the electrolytic cell, which makes the method industrially produced. Subject to greater restrictions. ^[1]

Nicotinic acid -cyanopyridine hydrolysis method

Ammonia oxidation

In this method, 3-methylpyridine or MEP is used as a raw material, and gas-solid phase catalytic oxidation is performed with ammonia and oxygen in a certain ratio in a catalyst bed to generate 3-cyanopyridine, which is hydrolyzed and purified to obtain nicotinic acid. The process improves the single-pass conversion of 3-methylpyridine to 99%, and the selectivity of 3-cyanopyridine hydrolysis to prepare nicotinic acid is also increased to 99%. ^[1]

The raw material of the ammonia oxidation method is 3-methylpyridine, a by-product with the highest output ratio in the production of pyridine base. It is inexpensive, has a wide range of sources, and the reaction conditions are relatively mild. It can be carried out under normal or low pressure conditions, and production is safe and reliable. In the prior art, the single-pass conversion rate is high, the selectivity is good, and the obtained product has high purity, which can realize continuous synthesis and is suitable for large-scale industrial production. It has become one of the most widely used methods for preparing niacin in industry. ^[1]

Biosynthesis

The enzymatic hydrolysis of nitrile has the unparalleled advantages of chemical methods. It has the advantages of high efficiency, good selectivity, mild reaction conditions, low environmental pollution, low cost, and high optical purity of products. It is in line with the development direction of green chemistry. In Switzerland, companies have enzymatically synthesized the B vitamins niacin for industrial production. Kyoto University of Japan, Hideaki Yamada and others use Rhodococcasrhodochrous J1 bacteria to produce niacin. ^[1]

Niacin application

Niacin comes in 3 commercial specifications, namely food grade, feed grade and pharmaceutical grade. Niacin is mainly used as a nutritional additive (water-soluble vitamin) in feed, and also used as an intermediate in food, medicine, and dyes. It is also used as an additive and a biochemical reagent in electroplating solutions. ^[4]

Application of Niacin in the Field of Pharmaceutical Synthesis

As a medicine, niacin can prevent and treat skin diseases and similar vitamin deficiencies. It has the function of dilating blood vessels and is used to treat peripheral nerve spasm and arteriosclerosis. Nicotinic acid can also be used as a pharmaceutical intermediate to synthesize a variety of amides and esters with important medical uses. For example, nicotinamide can be used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Nicotinyl benzylamine, as a highly effective snail killer, can be used for the prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis; Nicotinic acid and trimethylol methylamine can be synthesized for the treatment of disorders of the circulatory system, vitamin B deficiency, glossitis, hypertension and other diseases; Nicotinamide synthesized by nicotinic acid and diethylamine is a central nervous stimulant used to treat central nervous system respiratory and circulatory failure; inositol nicotinate and metronidazole produced by the reaction of nicotinic acid and alcohol are used to treat high Drugs for dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, migraine, peripheral vascular disorders, etc. ^[4]

Nicozami

The chemical name of Nicoxamib is N, N-diethylnicotinamide for central breathing

Nicozami And poisoning of circulatory failure, narcotics and other centrally inhibited drugs, nicotinic acid is first salted with diethylamine, and then dehydrated under the action of phosphorus oxychloride to form nicosamium hydrochloride, neutralized with sodium hydroxide, and organic solvents Extraction and distillation under reduced pressure gave Nicozam with a total yield of 82%. ^[1]

Inositol nicotinate

The chemical name of inositol nicotinate is hexanicotinic acid-cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexane, also known as inositol nicotinate, nicotinate, and inositol nicotinate , Phyticotinate, Xinxuetong injection, etc. can reduce cholesterol and expand peripheral blood vessels, and can be used to treat hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Clinically, it is currently used as an adjuvant treatment for hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, and various peripheral vascular disorders (such as occlusive arteriosclerosis, acral arterial spasm, frostbite, and vascular migraine, etc.).

Nicotinate inositol esters use nicotinic acid, phosphorus oxychloride, and inositol as raw materials. Nicotinic acid and phosphorus oxychloride are first reacted to produce nicotinyl acid chloride, and then reacted with inositol to obtain a crude product. The product is mocked after the crude product is refined. ^[1]

Fenzhiling

The chemical name of metronidazole is 1,1,1-trimethylolheptane trinicotinate, which has the functions of lowering cholesterol, triglycerides, treating arteriosclerosis and occlusion, and hypertension. It is also useful for treating frostbite, tinnitus, severe Hearing, Meniere's disease, and various peripheral vascular disorders have very good auxiliary effects. ^[1]

Application of Niacin as an Auxiliary

Niacin is an indispensable food and feed additive for human and animal growth. Therefore, niacin is widely used as an additive for cakes, dairy products, corn flour, etc. Niacin can also be used in combination with vitamins, instead of some nitrites as deodorants or preservatives for meat products. In addition, niacin can also be used As a vegetable preservative. Since a large part of niacin is present in a complex form in cereal feeds, it cannot be directly absorbed by animals. Therefore, the currently commonly used method in the world is to add synthetic niacin to the feed. It has been proved through feed experiments that the synthetic niacin can be absorbed and utilized by animals 100%, and a significant weight gain effect can be achieved in a short period of time. According to China's feeding industry, the standard for adding niacin in China is: 9-24 mg per kg of pig feed (dry basis) and 10-27 mg per kg of chicken feed (dry basis). ^[4]

Food additives

Niacin belongs to the vitamin B family and is involved in the body's lipid metabolism, oxidation process and anaerobic decomposition process. Niacin can be produced by the conversion of tryptophan in the body. The human body is generally not prone to niacin deficiency, but when the staple food does not contain niacin, or there is a substance that breaks down niacin in the staple food, it is easy to cause niacin deficiency Coarse skin disease. Therefore, niacin is widely used in pasta processing, dairy products and corn flour. Adding a certain amount of niacin to food can effectively prevent the occurrence of this kind of deficiency.

Feed additives

Niacin is an indispensable substance for the growth and development of animals. Niacin in grain feeds mainly exists in a bound form, and it is difficult for animals to absorb it, so artificial niacin needs to be added to the feed. ^[1]

Adding an appropriate amount of niacin to the feed will allow piglets (chickens) to gain weight quickly. Feeding laying hens with niacin feed can increase their egg production rate, and the eggs also contain a certain amount of niacin, which improves the nutritional value. ^[1]

Reactive dyes

Because nicotinic acid can make the dyeing of fibers last, has a wide range of applications, and good uniformity, niacin has outstanding performance in the dye industry and has become an intermediate for many reactive dyes. In 1984, Nippon Kayaku Co. launched a weakly basic nicotinic triazine reactive dye. ^[1]

Daily Chemical Industry Products

In the daily chemical industry, niacin can be formulated with other daily chemical raw materials into products with excellent performance, such as hair dyeing aids, detergents, and the like. ^[1]

other apps

Niacin is an important chemical assistant and corrosion inhibitor, and can be used as an antioxidant and anti-fog agent in photosensitive materials. Nicotinic acid is also an excellent bright additive in electroplating. Adding 1-10g of nicotinic acid per liter of electroplating solution has a significant effect. ^[1]

Niacin acts as an antioxidant and anti-fog agent in photosensitive materials. Adding a 0.1% aqueous solution of niacin to a photosensitive emulsion can increase the light stability of the photosensitive material; adding 5-20mL of a 0.1% aqueous solution of niacin to each milliliter of the photosensitive emulsion can reduce the fog of the photosensitive material. ^[4]

Niacin storage

Keep sealed. ^[5]

Niacin Niacin Deficiency

Nicotinic acid deficiency (Pellagra), also known as pellagra, is caused by niacin or its precursors

Instructions for Niacin Tablets Systemic disease caused by tryptophan deficiency, the clinical manifestations of the disease are mainly dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death, also known as "4D sign". The disease was first described by Spanish doctor Dr. Gaspar Casal in 1735. In the past, malnutrition was considered to be the main cause of the disease, and studies have found that alcoholism and drugs can also cause niacin deficiency. ^[6]

The areas where sorghum and corn are the main foods are the high-incidence areas of niacin deficiency, which can show regional epidemics. The disease is more common in adults, without gender and age differences. In China, the disease occurs in the north, where corn is the staple food. ^[6]

Histopathology of skin lesions in patients with niacin deficiency showed epidermal corneal hypertrophy with keratosis and increased pigmentation, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the upper dermis, especially around blood vessels, swelling of collagen fibers, degeneration of nerves, nerve tissue and other internal organs There can be varying degrees of atrophy, inflammation, and ulcers, and there are no characteristic changes in pathology. ^[6]