What Is a Geographical Information System?

Geographic Information System (Geographic Information System or Geo-Information system, GIS) is sometimes called " Geological Information System". It is a specific and very important spatial information system. It is a technical system that collects, stores, manages, calculates, analyzes, displays, and describes all geographically distributed data in the entire or part of the Earth's surface (including the atmosphere) space with the support of computer hardware and software systems.

Geographic Information System

Throughout the ages, almost all human activities have occurred on the earth, and are closely related to the location of the earth's surface (that is, geospatial location). With the increasing development and popularization of computer technology, Geography Information System (GIS) The "digital earth" and "digital city" developed on the planet have played an increasingly important role in people's production and life.

GIS can be divided into the following five parts:

People are the most important part of GIS. Developers must define the various tasks performed in the GIS and develop handlers. Skilled operators can usually overcome the shortcomings of GIS software functions, but the opposite is not true. The best software can't make up for the negative effect of the operator's ignorance of GIS.

1. Public geolocation basis;

2. Capable of collecting, managing, analyzing and outputting a variety of geospatial information;

3. The system is driven by analytical models, has strong spatial comprehensive analysis and dynamic prediction capabilities, and can produce high-level geographic information;

4. It is a human-machine interactive spatial decision support system for the purpose of geographic research and geographic decision-making.

Geographic information is just a bunch of digital records. It needs appropriate software to display it. At the same time, the establishment of a geographic information database also requires the help of suitable software to informatize geographic data. The current market in business and industry is generally dominated by two major GIS giants

Many disciplines benefit from GIS technology. The active geographic information system market has led to low cost and continuous improvement of GIS component hardware and software. These developments in turn have led to the wider application of this technology in science, government, business, and industry, including real estate, public health, crime maps, defense, sustainable development, natural resources, landscape architecture, archeology, community planning , Transportation and logistics. Geographic information systems have also differentiated positioning services (LBS). LBS uses GPS to display its location with a mobile device (the nearest restaurant, gas station, fire hydrant), mobile device (friends, children, a police car) or return their location to a central server for display via the relationship between the location and the fixed base station. Or do other things. With the integration of GPS functionality with increasingly powerful mobile electronics (mobile phones, pads, laptops), these services continue to evolve.

Earlier in the year, Esri proposed the concept of "beautifying life with geographical design and sharing geographical knowledge with everyone". To this day, Esri has deeply integrated this concept into its latest release of ArcGIS 10.1. ArcGIS 10.1 universalizes spatial information technology, and it will be deeply involved in the work and life of everyone in the future.

"Universal GIS" has gradually brought the GIS of Shugaoge from professionals to the public. ArcGIS 10.1 has completely set up an end-to-cloud bridge, enabling creators and users of spatial information to be closely connected. Through ArcMap, Portal for ArcGIS, and Cloud In ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS App on mobile terminals, everyone can become a sharer and user of spatial information, so as to meet the various needs of the public.

In the past two years, the industry generally believes that GIS will develop in the direction of specialization, pervasiveness, and intelligence. Pervasive GIS will undoubtedly lead the future development of the geographic information industry. The development of ubiquitous computing can provide people with more information services through the network and mobile devices, improve computer perception, and enhance social associations. It has strong active and natural interaction characteristics and brings convenience and simplicity to people's lives. Rapid application of information and controllability is one of the important development trends in the GIS industry.

The future GIS will be a universal GIS, which can be used by anyone. Any place, any terminal can access the GIS service, and it is not limited to professional terminals, so that ordinary users can pass multiple Media for access. This is also due to the rapid development of cloud computing technology, mobile terminals, etc., so that more needs of users can be realized very easily. In a universal environment, what we need to do is to create a GIS environment for everyone. We need to express our knowledge and experience in the form of maps, so that users can easily obtain map data.

With the rapid development of new technologies such as cloud computing, the Internet of Things, and mobile terminals, the future GIS will be a universal GIS, and the increasingly diverse needs of users will be easily solved. Anyone can use it, no matter where they are, no matter what terminal they are holding, you can access the GIS service, and it is no longer limited to professional terminals, allowing ordinary users to access through multiple media.

The tools and techniques that emerged from the World Wide Web Consortium's Semantic Web movement have proven to be very useful in data integration issues for information systems. Accordingly, this technology has been proposed as a means to promote interoperability and data reuse among GIS applications, and enables new analysis mechanisms.

Ontologies are a key component of this semantic approach because they follow a formal specification that is machine-readable under domain-specific concepts and relationships. In turn, this allows geographic information systems to focus on the meaning of one's data, not its syntax or structure. Temporary ontology is developed in the field of GIS applications. For example, the SWEET ontology developed by the British Topographic Survey Agency and the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed a hydrotext theory. In addition, simple ontology and semantic metadata standards are being published by the World Wide Web Consortium Geographic Incubation Group to represent geospatial data on the web.

With the popularity of GIS in decision-making, scholars have begun to consider the social impact of GIS. Some people think that the production, distribution, utilization and representation of geographic information are largely related to the social environment. Other related topics include discussions on copyright, privacy and censorship. The more optimistic social application of GIS is to use it as a tool for public participation.

• planning

Outline of the 12th Five-year Plan for the Development of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information

The National Bureau of Surveying, Mapping and Geographic Information has recently issued the "Outline of the 12th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information". The goal is to build a digital China geospatial framework and information surveying and mapping system by 2015. The plan also proposed to strive to incorporate the geographic information industry into the national strategic emerging industry plan.

Statistics show that by the end of the "11th Five-Year Plan" period, the total value of China's geographic information industry has exceeded 100 billion yuan; by the end of the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, this figure is expected to exceed 200 billion yuan. The doubling scale will bring huge market space for upstream and downstream enterprises in the geographic information industry chain.

Promote the integration of geographic information resources

The plan proposes to accelerate the integration of geographic information resources and the construction of digital cities. According to statistics, during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, there have been 130 pilot cities and promotion cities for digital city construction in China. Wang Chunfeng, deputy director of the National Bureau of Surveying, Mapping and Geographical Information, said that during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, digital city construction will be fully promoted throughout the country, and strive to complete the construction of digital cities in all 333 prefecture-level cities and some conditional county-level cities.

The National Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information Bureau recently released the key points of the surveying and mapping work for 2011, which clearly stated that to further accelerate the pace of digital city construction, and strive to complete more than 100 and start more than 100 digital cities in 2011, so that digital cities cover more than 2/3 of the country Prefecture-level cities. Industry insiders point out that based on this construction speed, the market capacity of digital city management platforms will exceed 10 billion yuan in the next 3-5 years.

It is worth noting that at the end of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the public version of the National Geographic Information Public Service Platform Sky Map was opened and had an important impact. The plan proposes that during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the service function of "Sky Map" will be extended to the provincial and municipal levels, and the promotion and application of "Sky Map" will be strengthened to build it into a Chinese independent brand of Internet content services.

Strive for inclusion in emerging industry planning

The plan also stated that it will continue to improve industrial development policies and strive to incorporate the geographic information industry into national strategic emerging industry plans. Encourage geographic information companies to participate in government procurement, promote the application of enterprises' independent innovation products in government investment projects, and strive to achieve the use of Chinese-made equipment in major surveying and mapping projects exceeding 50%.

The plan also proposes to deeply explore the market potential of location-based geographic information services, and greatly improve the geographic coverage of the geographic information services business and the level of market profitability. This includes increasing the integrated application of geographic information technology and related technologies, and fostering new economic growth points. Increase the application of geographic information technology and location service products in e-commerce, e-government, intelligent transportation, modern logistics, etc .; develop geographic information-based electronic game products, geographic information television channels, and

Geographic Information System Training Objectives

This major develops the basic knowledge and basic skills of geographic information system and cartography, can engage in scientific research or teaching work in scientific research institutions or colleges, and can work in cities, regions, resources, environment, transportation, population, housing, land, foundation Geographic information system senior professionals who are engaged in GIS-related applied research, technology development, production management, and administrative management in facilities and planning management.

Geographic Information System Training Requirements

Students in this major mainly study basic theories and basic knowledge in geographic information systems, cartography, and remote sensing technology. They are trained in scientific thinking and scientific experiments in applied basic research and technology development. They have good scientific literacy and geographic information system research. , Basic skills in design and development, and preliminary teaching, research, development and management skills.

Geographic Information System Knowledge Capability

1. Grasp the basic theories and basic knowledge in mathematics, physics, computer science, etc .;

2. Grasp the basic theory, basic knowledge and basic experimental skills of geographic information systems and cartography, as well as the basic principles and basic force methods of geographic information system technology development;

3. Understand the general principles and methods of adjacent majors such as geography, resources and environment, urban and rural planning management, and surveying and mapping engineering;

4. Understand national science and technology policies, intellectual property rights, sustainable development strategies and other related policies and regulations;

5. Understand the theoretical frontier, application prospects and latest developments of GIS, and the development status of GIS industry;

6. Master the basic methods of data inquiry, literature retrieval and the use of modern information technology to obtain relevant information; have the ability to determine experimental design, create experimental conditions, summarize, organize, analyze experimental results, write papers, and participate in academic exchanges.

Geographic Information System

Geography, cartography, computer science and technology, photogrammetry and remote sensing, GPS.

GIS Main Course

Physical geography, human geography, economic geography, cartography, remote sensing technology, database technology, geographic information system principles, geographic information system design and application, etc.

Geographic Information System Practice Teaching

General physics experiment, physical geography practice, surveying practice, cartography practice, GIS principle experiment, spatial database design, spatial analysis course design, GIS project development and design, digital image processing experiment, remote sensing technology and method experiment, etc According to the requirements of the course, it is best to arrange teaching internships from the first grade, and also to the higher grades. Including indoor and outdoor internships, production internships and graduation thesis, etc., generally arranged for 10-20 weeks.