What Are the Classes of Lubricating Oil?
Lubricating oil is a liquid or semi-solid lubricant used in various types of automobiles, machinery and equipment to reduce friction and protect machinery and processed parts. It mainly functions as lubrication, auxiliary cooling, rust prevention, cleaning, sealing and buffering (Roab) .
Lubricating oil and grease are generally referred to as "lubricants". And so-called
Lubricating oil generally consists of two parts: base oil and additives. The base oil is the main component of the lubricating oil, which determines the basic properties of the lubricating oil. Additives can make up for and improve the deficiencies in the performance of the base oil, and give certain new properties.
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In 1987, China issued GB 498-87
In addition to API standards, there are other authoritative organizations that have also developed corresponding standards to evaluate the quality of engine oils.
BP_British Petroleum Institute DIN-German Industrial Standards ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials ISO-International Organization for Standardization
JIS-Japanese Industrial Standard ILSAC-International Lubricant Standardization Committee
As of October 2013, we will introduce several international organizations that assess the quality of motor oil.
A total of 7 companies in China have passed API standards, and even fewer have passed the oil test standards of automobile manufacturers. Countries and companies around the world formulate automotive oil specifications mainly to ensure that the oil produced by lubricant manufacturers can ensure the use of automobiles. Therefore, consumers must check whether the manufacturer has passed the certification of the international authority when purchasing lubricants. The more authoritative oil departments are API (American Petroleum Association), ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers Association), ILSAC (International Lubricant Standards and Certification Committee), JASO (Japanese Automotive Standards Organization, which is a group of companies Association) Japan Branch).
(A) Internal combustion engine oil (LE) is generally labeled with API, and APIs sold mainly in the United States are marked with API.
Lubricant quality level
Low-speed, high-load, high-speed and high-load diesel engines use CE-grade oil lubrication; turbo-charged diesel engines should use CD-grade and above; CF-4 is suitable for high-speed, heavy-duty, long-cycle diesel engines, especially for highway driving . Effectively prevent piston ring wear and oil thickening; CG-4 diesel engine oil is used when fuel sulfur content is less than 0.05%; bimetallic piston engine with higher fuel injection pressure and higher operating temperature uses CH-4 diesel engine oil; The engine of the "low temperature exhaust gas recirculation" system requires the use of CI-4 diesel engine oil.
Compared with low-grade lubricating oils, high-grade lubricants have significantly improved anti-oxidation ability and detergency dispersion ability. In addition, it has been significantly optimized in terms of valve mechanism wear protection, anti-grease resistance, prevention of filter clogging, lubricating oil loss, and low-temperature pumpability.
At present, with the promotion of national environmental protection requirements of National III and National IV, various engine manufacturers have launched high-quality engines (electrically-controlled engines), and the use level of engine oil has also been increased accordingly. . According to China's national conditions, such as serious overload of vehicles, poor road conditions, low professionalization of drivers, unstable diesel sulfur content, and other unfavorable factors, leading to engine overhaul in advance. Therefore, a high-quality oil should be selected.
Lubricant selection
The engine is divided into gasoline engine and diesel engine according to the type of engine, and the engine oil is also divided into gasoline engine oil and diesel engine oil. Motor oil and diesel oil, after
The lower the alphabetical order, the higher the level. For example, API SH grade is higher than API SG grade, so when choosing engine oil, you must first determine whether to choose gasoline engine oil or diesel engine oil. If the engine oil package shows API SH / CD, it means that the oil used as gasoline engine oil reaches the level of SH, and used as diesel engine oil, the level reaches CD.
At present (referring to October 2013), API levels are backward compatible, and API SL quality oils can be used in engines that require API SH oils. If possible, use a higher level of engine oil as much as possible because it provides better protection for the engine. Generally speaking, the higher the quality level of the engine oil, the more expensive it is. But it cannot be reversed.
The choice of engine oil should be based on the manufacturer's instructions to determine the appropriate quality level or higher. The choice of engine oil also takes into account seasonal changes. Because the viscosity of oil products will change with temperature, the viscosity will increase in winter and the viscosity will decrease in summer, so in very hot areas, try to choose a slightly higher oil viscosity oil. In cold seasons, use thinner oils. But now (referring to October 2013) high-quality motor oils can be used in multiple climatic conditions simultaneously.
Often heavy-duty or older vehicles should choose a lubricant with a higher viscosity, to avoid the oil pressure being too low due to the low viscosity of the lubricant, causing unnecessary failures. Available in 50 or 20W / 50 oil. In addition, pay attention to the engine water temperature and oil pressure at any time. If there is any abnormality, stop the vehicle immediately to find the cause, and continue to drive after troubleshooting. In addition, road conditions have little effect on the choice of engine oil, but road conditions will greatly affect the life of the engine oil. In areas with poor road conditions, the oil change interval should be shortened.
In addition, the requirements of the new engine design, due to the use of electronically controlled fuel injection, catalytic converters, EGR, PCV and turbocharging, intercooling and other technologies, the engine's operating conditions are more severe, and the use of high-quality engine oils Can extend engine life, reduce fuel consumption, reduce wear, extend oil change intervals, save oil, save maintenance costs and improve efficiency. Higher-grade engine oils can replace lower-grade ones, while lower-grade engine oils cannot be used in higher-grade engines.
There are many types of motor oils on the market. It is best not to mix two different brands of motor oils. Because different brands of oils may use different additives, mixing them may cause oil deterioration. If you must mix them, you can do a compatibility test of the two oils first. If they are compatible, you can, but if you use them like this, the quality of the new oil will drop a lot. Special reminder: because different grades and different brands of engine oils have different formula compositions, if they are not compatible with each other, reactions, precipitations, etc. will occur, which is not good for the engine. Therefore, the engine oil must be strict, careful and relatively fixed. Do not frequently change the oil of different brands and grades to avoid damage to the engine.
The lubricating oil market is mixed, and it is generally difficult to distinguish the quality of engine oils based on appearance alone. Therefore, when buying engine oil, you should pay attention to choosing well-known brands of lubricants, and try to buy them from well-known brand stores or online stores. The quality grade of the oil is used to identify the quality, whether the manufacturer's address, production date, and batch number are complete and clear on the packaging of the oil product.
Lubricant identification
During the use of lubricants, some bulk oils have deteriorated due to improper storage. Therefore, mastering some identification methods of deteriorated lubricating oil will provide more protection for safe oil use.
I. Observation of oil flow: Take two measuring cups, one of which contains the lubricant to be inspected, and the other empty on the table. Lift the measuring cup full of lubricant away from the table 30 to 40 cm and tilt it to let the oil Slowly flow into the empty cup and observe its flow. Good quality lubricating oil flow is slender, uniform and continuous; if the flow rate is slow and fast, sometimes large pieces flow down, it means that the lubricating oil has deteriorated.
Second, hand twist method: twist the lubricant between the thumb and forefinger repeatedly grind, better lubricant has lubricity, less wear debris, no friction; if you feel a large friction like sand between fingers, It means that there is a lot of impurities in the lubricating oil and it can no longer be used. It should be replaced with new lubricating oil.
III. Illumination method: On a clear day, use a screwdriver to scoop up the lubricating oil to make a 45-degree angle with the horizontal surface. Compare the sunlight and observe the oil droplets. Under the light, it can be clearly seen that there is no wear debris in the lubricating oil; it is good; if there is too much wear debris, it should be replaced.
Fourth, the oil droplet trace method: Take a clean white filter paper, drip a few drops of oil, after the lubricant leaks, if there is a black powder on the surface, and there is a feeling of blocking when you touch it, it means that there are many impurities in the lubricant. The lubricating oil is powder-free, dry and smooth to the touch with yellow marks.
Lubricant equipment
In the industry, many equipments use lubricating oil to reduce friction and protect liquid lubricants for machinery and processing parts. Therefore, lubricants also need to analyze their wear and pollution. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is used to determine sulfur in petroleum. content.
Identification of the content of wear metals in the lubricant can accurately connect the operating status and aging of the equipment. If the metal contained in the equipment shows that the parts are worn seriously. It is important for equipment maintenance, running speed, and aging, so the detection of trace metals in the measurement as a wear component is bound to be obtained.
The sulfur content in diesel is 11mg / kg. The following data is 5mls. The sample is in the same sample analysis cup. It is measured by a LAMBDA instrument for 180s and tested twice a day. The result is the average of the two test results. The results are shown in the table below.
sample | LAB | LAB 2 | LAB 3 | LAB 4 | LAB 5 |
Low sulfur diesel | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Gasoline E10 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 37 |
B-11 (diesel) | 9 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 12 |
Low sulfur diesel | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
B20 (diesel) | 5 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 9 |
Transformer oil | 34 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 34 |
kerosene | 234 | 233 | 236 | 237 | 240 |
Turbine kerosene | 446 | 441 | 440 | 435 | 449 |
Heavy fuel oil | 941 | 938 | 936 | 921 | 953 |
Lubricant inspection method
First, check the lubricant cap
Unscrew the filler cap, turn it over and look at the bottom. You can see traces of old oil or even dirty oil at the bottom of the filler cap. If the bottom of the filler cap has a layer of dark milk with viscosity, and there are small water droplets mixed with oil, this is abnormal. It may be that the cylinder gasket, cylinder head or cylinder block is damaged, causing the coolant to penetrate Caused by lubricant. If this happens, the contaminated lubricating oil will cause damage to the internal of the engine and it needs to be repaired.
Second, check the amount of lubricant
If there is no problem with the fuel filler cap, then after finding the oil dipstick, pull it out, and first check the oil level. The oil level should be in the "full" or "FULL" position.
If the oil level is too low, the engine will be damaged due to poor lubrication, and the valves, cylinder pads, and piston rings will also be damaged. Observe whether there is leaking lubricating oil on the floor of the car. If possible, you can check the cylinder pressure to see if there is a leak and damage to the engine components.
Third, pass the exhaust gas inspection
If the exhaust gas is blue smoke, it means that the valve oil seal has failed and the lubricant has entered the cylinder combustion chamber; it may also be due to a large gap between the piston ring and the cylinder wall or a broken piston ring; or due to the aging of the engine oil seals and oil seals and Damage, causing oil leakage and excessive oil consumption.
Fourth, lubricating oil color
You can take out a paper towel, pull out the lubricating ruler and wipe it on the paper to observe the lubricating oil color and impurities. Generally, after the lubricant is changed, the lubricant will turn black after a period of use, which is normal. The other colors are abnormal. If the color of the lubricating oil becomes gray, white, or emulsified, water is mixed in the lubricating oil. There may be a communication leak between the engine cooling system and the combustion system.
Use of lubricant
1. Frequent replacement or good oil are economical choices
It is a good choice to use good oil and change diligently, but this is often not the economic choice of the owner. Therefore, choosing between a long time to use a good oil or choose a regular oil to change more quickly, has become a problem that plagues many car owners. In this regard, experts suggest that, from the perspective of economics, for ordinary mid-range cars and economic cars, semi-synthetic oil can be selected and replaced once at about 8000km, or full synthetic oil can be considered and replaced once at about 15000km. Both are more economical choices. For example, in the case of semi-synthetic oils, you can choose Weina's 10w-40, Shell's extraordinary Heineken (blue shell), and in terms of fully synthetic oil, you can choose Singapore Petroleum's Xinwei 5W-40. Guangtian Petrochemical R7 +. And R9. It is worth noting that, although very cheap, mineral oil should not be a choice.
2, 4S shop engine oil combination, proficient oil owners can also choose
4S oil is more expensive. Is it appropriate to change oil in 4S shop? This should be a difficult question for 4S shops and car owners, as it also involves a warranty issue. First of all, it is certain that the oil provided by the 4S shop will be a qualified engine oil. For owners who are not familiar with the oil, especially the owners of the vehicle during the warranty period, if they are not particularly proficient in oil products, experts still recommend choosing to go to the 4S shop to replace Motor oil. Of course, for owners who are proficient in automobiles and oil products, they can make more appropriate choices according to the actual situation.
3. Turbine must use fully synthetic high viscosity motor oil
The lubricating oil of the turbine not only bears the role of engine lubrication and heat dissipation, but also bears the role of lubrication and heat dissipation of the turbine. Due to the role of the turbocharger, the air quality and volume entering the combustion chamber are greatly improved, and the engine structure is more Compact, more precise machining and stricter assembly technology requirements. All these determine the high-temperature, high-speed, high-power, high-torque, low-emission working characteristics of turbocharged engines. At the same time, it determines the working conditions of the engine's internal components to withstand higher temperatures and greater impact, compression and shear forces. Therefore, special attention needs to be paid to the use of engine oil. There are two points that need to be paid attention to when selecting lubricants. One is to choose high-quality lubricants. We recommend at least a full synthetic oil, and it is best to choose a lipid full synthetic oil. In order to provide sufficient protection, another point is to choose a higher viscosity engine oil. 0-W30 is definitely the killer of turbines. At high temperatures, it can hardly provide any effective protection. We recommend choosing 5-W50 or 10W-50. product. On the turbine, you can choose Singapore Petroleum s 5-W50 lipid full synthetic oil, MOTUL 300V 10-W50 double lipid full synthetic oil, and Xinhui Full Power F1-A 10-W60. As a reminder, these High-viscosity lubricants are not suitable for general street cars. If ordinary street cars with conditions also want to use these high-quality racing oils, they need to choose products with lower viscosity grades.
Misunderstanding
Misunderstanding 1: Add more lubricant as you can
The amount of lubricating oil should be controlled between the upper and lower tick marks of the oil dipstick. Because too much lubricating oil will enter the combustion chamber from the gap between the cylinder and the piston to burn and form coke. These carbon deposits will increase the compression ratio of the engine and increase the tendency to produce knocks. The carbon deposits in the cylinder are red hot and easily cause pre-ignition. If they fall into the cylinder, they will aggravate the wear of the cylinder and piston, and will also accelerate the pollution of lubricating oil. Secondly, too much lubricating oil increases the stirring resistance of the crankshaft connecting rod and increases fuel consumption.
Misunderstanding 2: When the lubricant becomes black, it is time to change the oil
This understanding is not comprehensive. For lubricating oils without a detergent and dispersant, the darkening of the oil is indeed a sign that the oil has deteriorated seriously, but the lubricants used in modern automobiles are generally added with a detergent. This detergent will wash the rubber film and black carbon deposits on the piston, and disperse it in the oil to reduce the formation of high-temperature deposits in the engine. Therefore, the color of the lubricant is likely to turn black after using it for a period of time. The oil did not completely deteriorate.
Misunderstanding 3: Lubricants are often added without changing
It is often correct to check the lubricating oil, but only supplementing and not replacing can only make up for the lack of oil quantity, but cannot completely compensate for the loss of lubricating oil performance. During the use of lubricating oil, due to pollution, oxidation and other reasons, the quality will gradually decline, and there will be some consumption, reducing the quantity.
Misunderstanding 4: Additives are very useful
Real high-quality lubricating oil is a finished product with a variety of engine protection functions. The formula already contains a variety of additives, including anti-wear agents, and the most balanced formulation of the lubricating oil ensures the full performance of various performances. Adding other additives on your own will not only not provide additional protection to the vehicle, but will easily react with the chemicals in the engine oil, resulting in a decline in the overall performance of the engine oil.
Applications
heating method | Hot media | Pour oil | Heating temperature | Production time | Condensed water temperature | Steam consumption |
Tube heater | 0.8Mpa saturated steam | 60T / t | 30-60 | 14 hours and 30 minutes | 100 | 14.6 tons |
New fast heater | 0.8Mpa saturated steam | 60T / t | 30-60 | 1 hour and 30 minutes | 55 | 1.96 tons |
