What is the metabolism of drugs?

Metabolism The drug is a way to transform the body, so they can be secreted from the body. Many medicines are not active until the enzymes that transform them in the body. Most drugs are lipophilic, which means they pass through the membranes to achieve their destination. In general, they cannot be excreted by the kidney urine until functional groups have been introduced into them to solve water. Most drug metabolism takes place in the liver, but all tissues are able to perform these reactions to some extent. People have developed a complex system for xenobiotic metabolism. It is believed that the exposure of many toxic compounds in plants has facilitated the development of enzyme systems for detoxifying foreign substances. However, enzymes sometimes make an intermediate product more toxic than a parental compound. This can happen with some compounds in cigarette smoke. The genetic variation can significantly affect the metabolism of some drugs. For example, there are bad metabolizers of codeine and people who very quickly metaboThey lift. This can affect the dose of the drug. People who are poorly metabolizing it may be prone to overdose even at low dose, while large metabolizers may need a higher dose.

There are genetic tests called testing of reaction to the medicine that control specific liver enzymes that affect the metabolism of drugs. This allows doctors to adapt the dosage of specific drugs individuals on the basis of metabolism of the drug of the person. For example, this type of test can predict the ability of a person to metabolize codeine.

One of the problems of using druglly is that some can be excreted from the body without being metabolized. To avoid this, scientists have used drugs to develop prolonged . These are medicines that are initially less active or inactive, but once they are metabolized in the body into an active metabolite. They can also focus on certain types of cellsand remain inactive until they reach these cells. For example, by focusing on specific types of cancer cells, patients can avoid some side effects of chemotherapy.

Metabolism of the drug usually consists of two phases. Phase 1 includes the introduction of a functional group into a drug that makes it soluble in water. This reaction is often mediated by the P450 cytochrome enzyme, which introduces an oxygen atom to the drug. This usually leads to the addition of the Olympic Group to the molecule. People have more than 50 different cytochromes P450, with many different specifics.

Phase 2 metabolism consists in adding a compound that allows intermediate to secrete the kidneys. This step is called conjugation . Often this involves adding glucuronic acid or sulphate to the molecule. This increases its solubility in the water to exclude from the body.

The metabolism of one drug can often cause interaction with another. The presence of a drug can cause greater concentration of specific cytochroThe P450, which can then metabolize other drugs in the body. This leads to a decrease in the concentrations of other drugs. Another option is that the drug can directly inhibit metabolism mediated by the cytochrome P450 alternative drug, leading to excessive levels in the body.

natural compounds can also have such effects. A classic example is grapefruit that contains a compound that inhibits the metabolism of many drugs. For this reason, many people who use prescription drugs, especially statins, avoid the consumption of grapefruit or its juice. Inhibition also stimuling herbal medicine P450s.