What is the sphincter muscles?
The snacks are muscles that surround certain passages and holes of the body in places such as eyes, stomach, rectum and bladder. These structures can be compared to rubber belts in their strength, flexibility and the ability to stretch and download. Wherever it is located, the function of the sphincter muscle is generally expanded or downloaded in response to specific stimuli, such as the regulation of the passage of food or the flow of body secretion.
places and functions
Perhaps the best known of these muscles is an anal sphincter. In fact, two of them are connected to the anal channel, one inside and one outside. They are bargaining to maintain the hole closed and usually expand significantly during the bowel movements. A similar system controls the flow of urine from the bladder to the urethra.
Most witnesses work in a similar way and expand and counter as needed, one of the main differences is when and why contraction occur. Unlike those in the rectum and bladder that moves relatively rarely, the pupilThe freshness of the eyes constantly turns into response to light. When there is little light, they expand to allow more to enter the eye, and under clear conditions they download to prevent too much eyes. That is why eye pupils visibly increase or reduce size in response to changes in light quality.
one sphincter regulates the primrose movement in each eye; However, some body systems require several to check their operation. In the case of a cardiovascular system, countless number may be involved, as it is assumed that small fresh, which are bothering around the blood vessels, help the body relieve its blood pressure. Another example is the digestive system, which in addition to anal witnesses is regulated by several others, including esophagus, stomach and pancreas.
The esophagus has two, one in the upper part of the neck and one in the lower area, where it connects with the stomach. The upper structure opens when food or liquid is used, and afterIt closes to prevent it from moving back to the throat. The lower muscle remains closed and helps protect the esophagus from stomach acid and bile and opens when food or liquid must pass into the stomach. Another muscle called sphinter pylori holds food inside the stomach, allowing him to enter the small intestine only after mixing thoroughly with stomach juices. In addition, there is a sphincter Oder, which helps control the flow of the abdominal bile into the 12th intestine.
How do they work
nerve cells transmit signals from the brain and say the muscles of the sphincter to download or relax in response to certain stimuli. For example, when food enters the esophagus, the cells indicate this presence into the brain, which responds to the sample of the lower esophageal muscle opens and allows meals to enter the stomach. These signals take the form of electrical pulses that travel along the nerve fibers. When the signals reach the muscle cells of the sphincter, they respond by movement that causes expansion or contraction.
Some freshness may be consciously controlled, while others move only involuntarily. For example, those from the esophagus, stomach and digestive tract are all involuntary and digestion is an automatic process. In the case of the rectum, the inner muscle in the set is involuntary, but the external can be consciously controlled. The inner sphincter therefore ensures that the rectum remains closed until the feces are necessary, while the external may be repaired to prevent involuntary waste release or push to help exclude it.
dysfunction and disease
The functioning of these muscles can affect several factors. They can weaken how one progresses in age or as a result of the German or injury. For example, some women who have provided birth because vaginal birth can damage the bladder sphincters. In some health conditions, the nerves that communicate with muscles may be disrupted, and this could manifest itself as digestive problems or urea or faecal inconstinence.
weakening of the lower esophagus sphincter can lead to burning burning, because acidic juices from the stomach enter the esophagus and cause a characteristic sense of burning. This condition can also proceed to gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD. If the sphincter does not work properly, stomach juices can be backed up in the liver channels or in the pancreas, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Sometimes these problems can be alleviated by exercise, but in other cases surgery may be necessary.
Treatment
Exercise is often suitable for strengthening urinary and anal witnesses, because these muscle sets have components that can be consciously controlled. Exercises that include contract and muscle relaxation can intensify to improve their function and help control incontinence. Pelvic floor muscle exercises, also known as Kegel, are usually recommended for women who experience urinary incontinence after pregnancy.
in some cases are not specificExercise effective, but may be general exercise or weight loss. This applies to some people with GERD, because sometimes this condition is caused by overweight by weakening the weight of the lower esophagus sphincter. Other dysfunctions are caused by injury or congenital defects; In these situations, surgery is often necessary to tighten or restructify muscle. Sometimes the problem cannot be corrected - if it is caused by paralysis, such as a problem caused by spinal cord injury, no effective treatment may occur.