What Is Phosphorus?

Phosphorus is the 15th chemical element with the symbol P. It is in the third period of the periodic table, Group VA. Phosphorus is present in all cells of the human body and is necessary for maintaining bones and teeth, and participates in almost all physiological chemical reactions. Phosphorus is also an important substance for making the heart beat regularly, maintaining normal kidney function, and transmitting nerve stimulation. Without phosphorus, niacin (also known as vitamin B ₃ ) cannot be absorbed; the normal function of phosphorus requires vitamin D (vitamin food) and calcium (calcium food) to maintain.

With regard to the discovery of phosphorus,

Elements in the sun: 7 ppm

• white phosphorus

Put a mixture of calcium phosphate, quartz sand (SiO) and carbon powder in

first-aid

Skin contact: Remove contaminated clothing immediately and rinse with plenty of running water for 20-30 minutes. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Eye contact: Raise eyelids and rinse with running water or saline. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Inhalation: Quickly leave the scene to fresh air. Keep your airways open. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Respiration and heartbeat stopped. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed immediately. Seek medical attention.

Ingestion: Drink water and do not induce vomiting. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Fire-fighting measures

Hazardous characteristics: In case of open flames, high heat, friction, or impact, there is a danger of burning. Mixing with bromine can cause combustion. With most oxidants such as chlorate, nitrate, perchlorate or permanganate, etc., it is very sensitive to explosives. It emits toxic and irritating fumes when burning.

Hazardous combustion products: phosphorus oxide.

Fire Fighting Precautions and Measures: Small fires can be suffocated with dry sand. The fire was extinguished with water. After the fire goes out, it must be covered with wet sand to prevent re-ignition. Care must be taken when cleaning to avoid burns.

Spill emergency measures

Emergency treatment: Eliminate all ignition sources. Isolate leaking contaminated areas and restrict access. Emergency personnel are advised to wear dust masks and anti-static and anti-static clothing. Do not touch or cross spillage. Small leaks: Collect the spill with a clean shovel and place in a clean, dry, loosely capped container and move the container away from the leak area. Large spills: Wet with water and build a bank for containment. Prevent leaks from entering water bodies, sewers, basements or confined spaces.

Exposure control / personal protection

Engineering control: closed operation, local exhaust.

Respiratory protection: Filter dust-resistant respirators should be worn when they may be exposed to dust.

Eye protection: Wear chemical safety protective glasses.

Body protection: Wear general work clothes.

Hand protection: Wear general work protective gloves.

Other protection: No smoking, eating and drinking at the work site. After work, take a shower. Change work clothes in a timely manner.

Stability and reactivity

Stability: stable

Contraindications: Strong oxidants, acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides.

Avoid contact conditions: light.

Hazard of polymerization: no polymerization

Decomposition products: nitrogen oxides.

LD50: 11.5mg / kg (rat orally)

Disposal

Nature of waste: hazardous waste

Disposal method: Dispose by controlled incineration.

Disposal considerations: Return the empty container to the manufacturer or bury it in the prescribed place.

Transport information

Dangerous regulation number: 41001

UN Number: 1338

Packaging mark: flammable solid

Packing category: packing

Packing method: sturdy wooden box outside metal container; ordinary wooden box outside glass bottle with screw mouth, glass bottle with iron lid, plastic bottle or metal barrel (tank).

Note for transportation: The transportation vehicle should be equipped with the corresponding variety and quantity of fire fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment during transportation. The vehicle's exhaust pipe must be equipped with a fire arrester. During transportation, ensure that the container does not leak, collapse, fall, or damage. Do not mix and transport with oxidants, halogens, halides, etc. During transportation, it should be protected from direct sunlight, rain and high temperature. Stay away from fire and heat sources during stopovers. The vehicle should be thoroughly cleaned after transportation. Railroad transportation is prohibited.

Operating precautions: closed operation, local exhaust. Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operating procedures. It is recommended that operators wear self-priming filter dust masks and chemical safety protective glasses. Away from fire and heat sources, smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Use explosion-proof ventilation systems and equipment. Avoid generating dust. Avoid with

Food is rich in phosphorus, so phosphorus deficiency is rare. Phosphorus intake or absorption

phosphorus

Inadequate collection will lead to hypophosphatemia, causing abnormalities of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, and osteoporosis; due to disease or excessive intake of phosphorus, it will lead to hyperphosphatemia, reduce blood calcium in the blood and cause osteoporosis.

Effects of phosphorus on the human body

1. Phosphorus and calcium are important constituent materials of bones and teeth, which are essential nutrients for bone and tooth calcification. Some infants often suffer from chondrosis or rickets due to lack of calcium and phosphorus. The main component of bones and teeth is called apatite, which is composed of phosphorus and calcium. When people reach adulthood, although the bones have stopped growing, the calcium and phosphorus in them are still renewed, about 20% renewed each year. In other words, it is updated every 5 years. However, once the teeth grow, they will lose their ability to repair themselves. If children lack calcium when they grow their teeth, their teeth are easily damaged.

2. Maintain the balance of ATP metabolism in the body.

3 Phosphorus is one of the basic components of nucleic acids that make up genetic material, and nucleotides are the basic constituents of RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which are important substances in life to transmit information and regulate cell metabolism.

4 Participate in the regulation of acid-base balance in the body and participate in energy metabolism in the body. Many enzymes in the body also contain phosphorus. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the three heat-containing nutrients, emit heat when they are oxidized, but this energy is not released all at once. Among them, phosphorus plays an important role in the process of storing and transferring energy.

Effects of Phosphorus on Plants

Phosphate fertilizer can promote tomato flower bud differentiation, early flowering and fruiting, and promote seedlings

Phosphorus deficiency in rice

Root growth and improved fruit quality. In the absence of phosphorus, the young shoots and roots grow slowly, the plants are short, the leaves are dark green, dull, and the back is purple.

Phosphorus absorption by tomatoes is higher in the early stage of plant growth. When the first ear fruit grows to the size of walnut, the phosphorus absorption by the plant accounts for about 90% of the whole growth period. Therefore, tomato seedlings should not be deficient in phosphorus, so as not to affect flower bud differentiation. The ability of tomatoes to absorb phosphate fertilizers is weak, especially at low temperatures. Phosphate fertilizer is generally used as a base fertilizer, and 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can also be used as a foliar spray for external root topdressing. Phosphorus promotes the synthesis and transportation of amino acids, proteins, and carbohydrates in plants, and has a good effect on delaying plant senescence, prolonging the fruiting period, and increasing the subsequent yield.

Phosphorus is usually absorbed by plants in the form of orthophosphate (hydrogen phosphate or dihydrogen phosphate). When phosphorus enters the plant, most of it becomes organic, and some remain in the form of inorganic salts. Phosphorus exists in the form of phosphate in sugar phosphate, nucleic acid, nucleotide, coenzyme, phospholipid, phytic acid and the like. Phosphorus plays a key role in the response of ATP. Phosphorus plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, and fat metabolism.

Phosphorus application can promote a variety of normal metabolism, plant growth and development is good, and at the same time improve plant cold resistance and drought resistance. Because phosphorus is related to the metabolism of sugars, proteins, and fats and the mutual transformation of the three, phosphate fertilizer is required regardless of the cultivation of food crops, legumes and oil crops.

In the absence of phosphorus, protein synthesis is hindered, new cytoplasm and nucleus are formed, affecting cell division, slow growth, less division, reduced branching or tillers, short plants, dark green leaves, slow cell growth, and relative chlorophyll content improve. Some plants, such as rapeseed, sometimes have red or purple leaves. Because phosphorus deficiency hinders sugar transportation, a large amount of sugar is accumulated, which is beneficial to the formation of lutein. In the absence of phosphorus, both the flowering and maturity stages are delayed, yield is reduced, and resistance is weakened.

Effects of phosphorus

Phosphorus is widely present in animal and plant tissues and combines with proteins or fats to form nucleoproteins, phosphoproteins, and phospholipids. There are also small amounts of other organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds. Except that phosphorus in the form of phytic acid cannot be fully absorbed and utilized by the body, most of it can be used by the body. Cereal seeds are mainly phosphorus in the form of phytic acid, which has a low utilization rate. However, when yeast is used for baking, or the grains are immersed in hot water in advance, the content of phytic acid phosphorus can be greatly reduced, thereby increasing its absorption rate. . If long-term consumption of a large amount of cereals, it can form adaptability to phytic acid, and the absorption rate of phytate phosphorus can also be improved to varying degrees; the absorption of phosphorus also requires vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency often lowers the serum inorganic phosphate, so patients with rickets tend to have normal blood calcium concentrations and low serum inorganic phosphorus levels.

Phosphorus military use

White phosphorus is a colorless or light yellow, translucent waxy substance.

White phosphorus bomb

It has a strong irritant, its smell is similar to garlic, and its ignition point is extremely low. It will burn once in contact with oxygen, emitting a yellow flame and emitting strong smoke at the same time. It can be used to burn common combustion materials that are difficult to burn. It is characterized by being able to fully burn in a narrow or low-density space. The general combustion temperature can reach more than 1000 degrees, which is sufficient to destroy all organisms within an effective range. The white phosphorus bomb is very harmful. It will burn continuously after touching the object until it is extinguished. Therefore, when it contacts the human body, the skin will be penetrated and then penetrate into the bone.

White phosphorus incendiary uses this property, it is a very powerful incendiary, it is difficult to remove in time if it sticks to the skin, the combustion temperature is high, it can burn to bones at the same time, and the smoke generated at the same time is extremely irritating to eyes and nose. At first Americans used it to deal with Japanese people in the fortifications of the Pacific Islands. It was very effective. The technical content is not large, and the military of all countries basically have it.

The basic structure of a white phosphorus bomb is to fill the bomb with phosphorous, which will start to ignite spontaneously until it is consumed. The complete white phosphorous bomb consists of the bottom of the bomb, the bottom of the shell, the plastic washer, the detonating agent, the detonating chamber, the yellow phosphorus smoking can, the aluminum septum, the bullet, the pin, the stopper, the insurance and release device, the extension Detonator, propellant and mechanical time instant fuse.

For example: MK · 77 White Phosphorus Cannonball is an offensive burning weapon. Its function is similar to a flamethrower. The shell contains a large amount of viscous agent, which can stick to the human body and equipment to burn. It is usually used to combat naked or flammable targets. Excellent. Listed as a prohibited weapon by the United Nations Convention on Conventional Weapons, adopted in 1980, it is not allowed to be used on civilians or in civilian areas. Although the United States does not sign the convention and seems to be free from it, as an international convention accepted by more than 80 countries, its universality and legitimacy are beyond doubt. As a member of the international community, the United States should Consciously abide, otherwise it will cause international public outrage and be trapped in isolation.

White phosphorus shells are mainly used as incendiary shells and can also replace flares in some cases. The army of various countries began to use them at the end of World War II. The US military seems to be placed in the chemical mortar company.

Smoke bombs are filled with white phosphorus. When it is detonated, white phosphorus will quickly burn in the air: 4P + 5O ₂ === (Ignite) 2P ₂ O ₅ product P ₂ O _{5. It} reacts with moisture in the air in a biochemical reaction : P ₂ O ₅ + H ₂ O ==== 2HPO ₃ (metaphosphoric acid), P ₂ O ₅ + 3H ₂ O === 2H ₃ PO ₄ (phosphoric acid), these acid droplets do not react with a part of Small white particles of P ₂ O _{5 are} suspended in the air to form smoke.

The most effective way to treat the scope of white phosphorus incendiary bombs is to immerse the whole body in water to isolate the air and reduce the temperature. The wound should be treated immediately (removing the wound).