What Are the Different Types of Manufacturing Jobs?

Manufacturing industry refers to manufacturing resources (materials, energy, equipment, tools, funds, technology, information, and human resources, etc.) in the era of the machinery industry, which are converted into large tools and industries that can be used and used by people through the manufacturing process in accordance with market requirements. And consumer products industries.

manufacturing

Manufacturing means

January-April ^[1]

As the country's pillar industry, China's manufacturing industry has maintained a good development trend. However, as my country

There are various manufacturing activities in the manufacturing industry. According to the purpose and premise of manufacturing, the manufacturing environment can be divided into four manufacturing methods: order production, assembly production, engineering production and stock production.

The delivery time of engineering production is usually longer than that of order production, assembly production and stockpile production.

This is also the production and sales environment of the manufacturing industry. The length of their lead time and the manufacturing of the factory

The configuration methods are different.

Sometimes multiple manufacturing methods are mixed in a company at the same time.

1.

There are three major reasons for the shortage of senior manufacturing talents in China:

First, after repositioning the manufacturing industry in the late 1990s, it was found that the demand for talents in the manufacturing industry was insufficient in quantity and neglected the quality.

Second, there are problems with employment concepts. Many young people think that engaging in manufacturing is "hard labor" and are unwilling to take it as a profession.

Third, higher vocational colleges, as "incubators" for cultivating a large number of manufacturing talents, have not invested enough in engineering talents. ^[2-3]

Industrial transformation and upgrading planning series -vigorously develop advanced equipment manufacturing industry

Since the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China's equipment manufacturing industry has developed rapidly and has become a major country in the world's equipment manufacturing industry. The main manifestations are as follows: first, the economic aggregate has leapt to the forefront of the world; second, the equipment manufacturing system is becoming more and more perfect; third, innovation and support capabilities Significantly enhanced; Fourth, important progress has been made in structural adjustment. However, China is not yet a strong country in the equipment manufacturing industry. Compared with developed countries, there are still four major gaps: first, the technological innovation capability needs to be improved urgently, and key core technologies are not fully mastered; second, the industrial foundation is weak, basic components, The parts and core materials have become the "bottlenecks" of development; the third is the unbalanced product structure and the high-end equipment industry needs to be cultivated and developed; the fourth is the low concentration of the industry, the few large companies with international competitiveness, and the few well-known international brands.

The "Industrial Transformation and Upgrade Plan (2011-2015)" (hereinafter referred to as "Planning") proposes that we must seize the key links of industrial upgrading and strive to improve the development of key basic components, basic processes, basic materials, basic manufacturing equipment and system integration. Level, speed up the upgrade of equipment products such as machine tools, automobiles, ships, power generation equipment, and actively cultivate and develop high-end equipment manufacturing industries such as intelligent manufacturing, new energy vehicles, marine engineering equipment, rail transportation equipment, civil aerospace, etc. Big and strong. This indicates the direction and key points for the development of the equipment manufacturing industry during the 12th Five-Year Plan period.

I. Key Directions and Tasks

(1) Key basic components and basic manufacturing equipment. Key basic parts and components mainly include liquid and airtight components and systems, bearings, gears and transmission systems, automatic control systems, etc .; basic manufacturing equipment mainly includes CNC machine tools and "industrial mother machines" such as stamping, forging, casting, welding, and heat treatment. The Plan attaches great importance to the development of basic processes, basic materials, basic components and basic manufacturing equipment, and proposes three main tasks: First, to strengthen the research of basic processes such as forging, casting and welding, to strengthen the construction of equipment and testing capabilities, and to improve key zero The quality level of components; the second is to promote independent innovation of intelligent control systems, intelligent instruments and key components, and to build test and test platforms for several industries; the third is to continue to implement the major scientific and technological projects of "high-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment" and develop high-precision , High-speed, intelligent, compound, heavy-duty CNC work machine and special processing machine tools, large-scale CNC forming stamping, heavy forging, clean and efficient casting, new welding and heat treatment and other basic manufacturing equipment. By 2015, the localization satisfaction rate of high-end key basic components will be increased to 30%, and the localization of high-end basic manufacturing equipment will be increased to 50%.

(2) Major intelligent manufacturing equipment. Intelligent manufacturing equipment is a collective name for various types of manufacturing equipment with sensing, decision-making and execution functions. Vigorously cultivating and developing the intelligent manufacturing equipment industry is of great significance for accelerating the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry, improving production efficiency and technology, reducing energy and resource consumption, and realizing the intelligentization of the manufacturing process. The "Planning" proposes that to focus on the development needs of key national economic areas such as advanced manufacturing, transportation, energy, environmental protection and comprehensive utilization of resources, organize and implement intelligent manufacturing equipment innovation and development projects and application demonstrations, and integrate and innovate a group of intelligent forming and processing packages. Process manufacturing equipment and discrete manufacturing equipment represented by equipment, metallurgical and petroleum and petrochemical complete sets of equipment, automated logistics complete sets of equipment, intelligent papermaking and printing equipment, etc., to achieve intelligent and green manufacturing processes; meanwhile, accelerate the development of welding and handling , Assembly and other industrial robots, as well as security, deep-sea operations, rescue, medical and other special robots. By 2015, strive to increase the localization guarantee rate of intelligent manufacturing equipment required by key industries such as machinery, metallurgy, textiles, resource extraction, and infrastructure construction to 30%.

(3) Energy-saving and new energy vehicles. According to forecasts, China's car ownership will exceed 200 million in 2020, and the contradiction between China s tight fuel supply and huge car consumption demand will become increasingly prominent. The development of new energy vehicles has become a strategic choice for the global automotive industry to respond to energy and environmental challenges, and is an important direction for the transformation and upgrading of the automotive industry. However, traditional fuel vehicles will still dominate the market for a longer period of time. As an emerging automobile power, China must not only accelerate the cultivation and development of new energy vehicles, but also unswervingly promote the energy conservation and emission reduction of traditional fuel vehicles. The "Planning" proposes that energy-saving vehicles and new energy vehicles should be adhered to simultaneously, further improve the energy conservation, environmental protection and safety levels of traditional energy vehicles, and accelerate the development of new energy vehicles such as pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The first is to organize the implementation of energy-saving and new energy vehicle innovation and development projects. Through the relevant research and development work of the national science and technology plan (special project), master key technologies such as advanced internal combustion engines, efficient transmissions, and lightweight materials, and break through core technologies such as power batteries, drive motors, and management systems. , Gradually establish and improve the standard system; continue to follow-up research on fuel cell vehicle technology, adapt to local conditions, and appropriately develop alternative fuel vehicles. The second is to accelerate the grasp of key core technologies such as advanced internal combustion engines, high-efficiency transmissions, and power batteries; the third is to improve the access management of new energy vehicles, steadily promote the pilot demonstration of energy saving and new energy vehicles, accelerate the construction of charging and power exchange facilities, and actively explore market promotion models. The fourth is to accelerate the upgrading of traditional cars, establish a reward and punishment mechanism based on fuel consumption, improve the standard system, improve pollutant emission standards, and reduce pollutant emissions; the fifth is to vigorously promote the development of independent brands and encourage advantageous enterprises to implement mergers and reorganizations to form 3 -Five large auto enterprise groups with core competitiveness, and the industry concentration of the top 10 companies reached 90%. The "Planning" proposes that by 2015, the average fuel consumption of new energy-saving passenger cars will drop to 5.9 liters / 100 kilometers; the cumulative production and sales of new energy vehicles will strive to reach 500,000.

(4) Ships and marine engineering equipment. China's shipbuilding output in 2010 reached 65.6 million dwt, the scale leapt to the first in the world. The three major shipbuilding indicators of shipbuilding completion, new orders received and hand-held orders have all surpassed Japan and South Korea. At present, China has the ability to independently design and build a full range of mainstream ship types. Large-scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships have achieved independent research and development and batch construction. Large-scale marine crankshafts and other products have achieved independent production. The first independent brand medium-speed diesel engine has been successfully developed. Formed a number of world-renowned brand ship types. The offshore engineering equipment field has achieved great development, possessing the general contracting capacity of jack-up drilling platforms, and undertaking high-end products such as deep-water semi-submersible drilling platforms. The market share of offshore engineering auxiliary ships ranks first in the world. After the rapid development of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the shipbuilding industry will face a severe situation in the next five years. "Planning" put forward the key tasks during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period: First, to adapt to new international shipbuilding standards and regulations, establish a new model of modern shipbuilding, focus on optimizing the structure of ship products, implement brand development strategies, and accelerate the promotion of bulk carriers and oil tankers. (Including chemical tankers), container ships and other mainstream ship types; Second, comprehensively master the design and construction technology of high-tech ships such as liquefied natural gas ships (LNG), strengthen basic common technology and forward-looking technology research, and improve the ship science and technology innovation system; The third is to improve the supporting level of ships, consolidate the market position of advantageous supporting products, improve the technical level of supporting products, and improve the second-round supporting system of key equipment; the fourth is to break through key technologies of deep-water equipment, vigorously develop marine oil and gas resources development equipment, and actively promote desalination And comprehensive utilization and industrialization of marine monitoring instruments and equipment to create three major marine engineering equipment industrial clusters in the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Bohai Rim. The fifth is to organize the implementation of green boutique ships, ship power system integration, deep-sea resource exploration equipment, and deep-sea space stations. And other innovative development projects, Facelift green and efficient shipbuilding, information technology and shipbuilding capacity of local support capabilities. The "Planning" proposes that by 2015, the average shipping rate of mainstream ship-type localized equipment will reach 80%, the world market share of offshore engineering equipment will increase to 20%, and the industry concentration of the top 10 companies in the shipbuilding industry will reach 70% or more.

(5) Rail transit equipment. Rail transit equipment mainly covers technical equipment such as rolling stock, engineering and road maintenance machinery, communication signals, traction power supply, safety guarantee and operation management. After years of development, China's rail transit equipment has formed a relatively complete and relatively independent industry (research and development, manufacturing and service) system. Its production capacity and scale rank first in the world. Integrated innovation and the introduction of digestion and absorption have re-innovated high-speed EMUs and high power. High-end products such as AC drive locomotives. However, the key core technologies are still subject to people, the original innovation is weak, the technical level of basic materials and components for industrial development is relatively low, and the degree of external dependence is large. Product safety, reliability, availability, maintainability, and full life cycle and development There is still a large gap between countries. It is estimated that during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the demand for high-speed EMUs will be more than 1,000, the demand for high-power AC-drive electric locomotives and diesel locomotives will be more than 5000, and the annual market demand of the rail transit equipment industry will reach approximately 200 billion yuan. . The "Planning" proposes that it is necessary to meet the needs of passenger and freight transportation and build a convenient, safe and efficient comprehensive transportation system, relying on the rapid passenger transport network, large-volume freight corridors and urban rail transit engineering construction to vigorously develop energy-saving, 200km / h passenger locomotive with environmental protection and safety advantages, large-axle long marshalling heavy-duty freight trains, medium- and low-speed magnetic levitation vehicles, new urban rail equipment and new service support equipment; it is necessary to organize the key systems of rail transportation equipment to accelerate the upgrading of key systems And core technology comprehensive capabilities, by 2015, rail transportation equipment strive to reach the world advanced level.

(6) Civil aircraft. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China continued to increase its support for the civil aircraft industry, and made considerable progress in model development and system reform. ARJ21 regional aircraft with independent intellectual property rights entered the airworthiness test flight stage and was listed as a national science and technology major The special large passenger aircraft project is progressing smoothly. China has included the civil aircraft industry as a national strategic emerging industry and will gradually promote the opening of low-altitude airspace, which will definitely bring great opportunities to the civil aircraft-based aviation equipment industry. The "Planning" proposes to adhere to the principles of military-civilian integration, technology advancement, quality first and reform and innovation, and accelerate the development of trunk aircraft, regional aircraft, large and medium helicopters, large fire-fighting and water rescue aircraft, aero engines, core equipment and systems; Promote the implementation of major science and technology projects for large aircraft, comprehensively carry out the research and development of large aircraft and its supporting engines, airborne equipment, key materials and basic components, establish large aircraft research and development standards and regulatory systems; implement innovative development of regional aircraft and the general aviation industry Engineering, accelerate the development and improvement of new regional aircraft, promote the industrialization and quality of regional aircraft, develop new regional aircraft, develop high-end jet business jets, and develop a number of new operational general aircraft, multi-purpose general aircraft, helicopters, coaches Aircraft, drones and other special aircraft, and actively develop general aviation services. The "Planning" proposes that by 2015, the sales revenue of the aviation industry will double than that in 2010, and domestic single-aisle large passenger planes will make their first flight, and domestic regional aircraft, helicopters and general aircraft will strive to reach 50% of the domestic market.

(7) Civil aviation. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China's national aerospace equipment achieved rapid development. The Long March series of launch vehicles completed a total of 48 launches of 56 spacecraft. The development of a new generation of launch vehicles went smoothly, and Chang'e 1 and 2 successfully circled the moon. Continued acceleration of the development of China's civil aerospace and the construction of national space infrastructure are important means of supporting the construction of the national public service system and demonstrating China's scientific and technological strength. The "Planning" proposes: first, to perfect the series spectrum of China's active carrier rockets, complete the development of a new generation of carrier rocket engineering and achieve the first flight; implement advanced upper-level and multi-star upper-level flight demonstration verification; start heavy-duty carrier rockets and greater thrust Key technologies for the engine. The second is to implement major national scientific and technological projects such as lunar exploration and high-resolution earth observation systems, implement aerospace product type spectrum and long-life high-reliability projects, develop new types of earth observation, communication broadcasting, new technologies and scientific experimental satellites, and continue to improve them. Apply satellite systems to advance the construction of national space infrastructure; further improve the construction of satellite ground systems, and promote the transformation of applied satellites and satellite applications from scientific research and experimental to business services. The third is to strengthen the development of aerospace military and civilian dual-use technology, expand the export market of aerospace products and services, and steadily increase the international market share of satellite launch services. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, we will strive to achieve an average annual growth in the satellite application industry of more than 30%.

(8) Energy-saving and environmental protection equipment. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China continued to increase environmental protection efforts, the rapid development of emission reduction and pollution control facilities, and environmental protection equipment made great progress. In 2010, the total industrial output value was nearly 200 billion yuan, and product types reached more than 10,000. In urban sewage treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, waste incineration power generation, dust removal and desulfurization, we have the ability to design and manufacture complete sets of equipment. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the state has put forward new requirements for environmental protection. In addition to the two indicators of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand, the emissions of ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxides have been increased as binding indicators, and the task of environmental pollution control has become even more important. difficult. The "Planning" proposes to closely focus on the needs of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and rely on national key projects of energy conservation and emission reduction and key projects of the energy conservation and environmental protection industry to accelerate the development of technologies and equipment for energy conservation and environmental protection and resource recycling. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the first is to vigorously develop energy-saving equipment such as high-efficiency energy-saving boilers, kiln, motors and dragging equipment, the use of waste heat and pressure, and energy-saving monitoring; the second is to focus on the development of air pollution prevention, water pollution prevention, heavy metal pollution prevention, Environmental protection equipment such as garbage and hazardous waste treatment, environmental monitoring instruments and meters, decentralized sewage treatment in small towns, utilization of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding, operation of sewage treatment facilities and instruments, etc., promote the application and demonstration of major environmental protection equipment; Garbage sorting, landfill, incineration power generation, biological treatment and comprehensive utilization of waste resources. Around the "urban minerals" project, develop efficient and intelligent dismantling and sorting devices and equipment, and promote the application of surface engineering, rapid cladding forming and other remanufacturing. Fourth, develop advanced, efficient, and reliable detection and monitoring, safety avoidance, safety protection, personal protection, disaster monitoring, special safety facilities and emergency rescue and other safety equipment, and develop safe and convenient emergency water purification equipment such as disaster relief.

(9) Energy equipment. Since the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China's energy equipment has developed rapidly, and the installed capacity of power generation equipment has exceeded 900 million kilowatts. Among them, new energy equipment with wind power equipment and solar equipment as the core has developed rapidly, forming a complete industrial chain; ± 800 kV UHV DC and 1000kV UHV AC transmission and transformation demonstration projects; long-term reliance on imported high-power thick coal seam electric traction shearers of more than 2000 kilowatts, the world's highest 6.3-meter hydraulic support, and the world's largest level of 55 cubic meters Mining excavators, 12,000 meters of land oil rigs, ethylene "three compressors", etc. were successfully developed and put into use. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China will work to adjust the energy structure and achieve the target of 11.4% of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption. The "Planning" proposes that advanced power generation technologies such as supercritical, ultra-supercritical, and circulating fluidized beds should be actively applied to accelerate the transformation of hydropower equipment to high parameters, large capacity, and gigantic; vigorously develop large-capacity, high-efficiency advanced transmission such as UHV Transformer technology and equipment to promote the development of key equipment for smart grids; promote the implementation of major national science and technology projects for large-scale advanced pressurized water reactors and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors; master the core technology of million-kilowatt nuclear power equipment; break through the bottleneck of large-scale energy storage technologies and improve Wind power grid-connected technology, main shaft bearing and other key component technology levels, focus on the development of high-power onshore and offshore wind power equipment suitable for China's wind farm characteristics; rely on relevant national demonstration projects, improve solar photovoltaic, solar thermal conversion efficiency, and accelerate the promotion of solar photovoltaic cells And manufacturing capabilities of flat plate collectors and component production equipment; promote the development and industrialization of biomass energy equipment and smart grid equipment; master system design, compressor, motor, and frequency conversion control system design and manufacturing technologies to achieve oil and gas geophysical exploration and logging And drilling equipment and key equipment for natural gas liquefaction Independent manufacturing.

Second, the main policy measures

(1) Improve the system and mechanism for developing high-end equipment based on major projects. Take the user as the leader, take the equipment manufacturing unit as the main body, give full play to the advantages of combining production, education and research, and jointly develop advanced equipment; encourage industrial alliances composed of equipment use units and manufacturing enterprises to participate in project bidding; improve the bidding system to eliminate Discriminatory provisions for domestic equipment, give play to the role of investment and industrial authorities, and strengthen guidance and supervision of bidding.

(2) Strengthen fiscal and taxation support. Make full use of the role of scientific research programs such as civil aircraft, civil aerospace, and high-tech ships, and increase innovation support. Give play to the role of special funds for energy conservation and emission reduction, and organize the implementation of energy conservation and new energy vehicle innovation projects. Establish a special project for high-end equipment development to support the research and development and industrialization of high-end equipment, its key components and supporting systems. Encourage the introduction of digestion, absorption and re-innovation. For the development and production of high-end equipment that the country encourages, it is indeed necessary to import core devices, key components, raw materials and key technologies, and exempt customs duties and import value-added tax.

(3) Improve financial support policies. Establish a multi-channel and diversified investment and financing mechanism to support the development of major technical equipment. Encourage financial institutions to innovate financial product varieties, support equipment manufacturers' financing and large-scale development; use the role of existing equipment manufacturing funds to support the transformation and upgrading of equipment manufacturing enterprises; encourage qualified equipment manufacturing enterprises to go public, increase innovation investment and Equity investment is tilted towards equipment manufacturing; support financial leasing companies to develop equipment financing lease business.

(4) Highlight major projects. Continue to pay close attention to the implementation of major scientific and technological projects such as high-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment, large aircraft, large advanced pressurized water reactors and high-temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plants, manufacturing equipment and complete sets of very large-scale integrated circuits, and develop key manufacturing equipment. Break through core common technologies and provide basic support for the realization of China's high-end equipment industrialization.

(5) Increase market cultivation efforts. Establish the first set of insurance mechanism and demonstration application system for equipment. Explore the establishment of equipment risk funds, provide guarantees for equipment users to adopt the first set of high-end equipment and supporting systems, encourage equipment users to provide industrial test conditions and application opportunities for research and development enterprises, and establish equipment demonstration application systems. Accelerate the opening of low-altitude airspace and lay the market foundation for the development of general aircraft.

(6) Strengthen international cooperation and exchanges. Make full use of various channels and platforms, actively explore new models of cooperation, and integrate into the global industrial chain. Encourage overseas enterprises and scientific research institutions to set up R & D institutions in China, and support foreign and domestic enterprises in joint R & D and innovation of advanced equipment. Support domestic enterprises to set up companies overseas, merge or acquire foreign advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises and R & D institutions, support domestic enterprises to cultivate international brands, develop international operations, and participate in international cooperation at a high level ^[4] .