What Is the Hartmann Procedure?

Heinz Hartmann (1894-1970) was born in Germany, received a doctorate in medicine in his early years, and studied psychoanalysis with Anna in Vienna. After moving to the United States after the outbreak of the Second World War, he hosted the Journal of Child Psychoanalysis Research, devoted to creating psychoanalytic self-psychology. Former President of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and President of the International Psychoanalytic Association. Famous theorist.

Heinz Hartman

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Heinz Hartmann (1894-1970) was born in Germany, received a doctorate in medicine in his early years, and studied psychoanalysis with Anna in Vienna. After moving to the United States after the outbreak of the Second World War, he hosted the Journal of Child Psychoanalysis Research, devoted to creating psychoanalytic self-psychology. Former President of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and President of the International Psychoanalytic Association. Famous theorist.

Chinese name

Heinz Hartman

Foreign name

Heinz Hartmann

Country of Citizenship

Germany

place of birth

Germany

date of birth

1894

Date of death

1970

Occupation

Theorist

Major achievements

Former President of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and President of the International Psychoanalytic Association

representative work

Collection of Ego Psychology

Hartman, the most famous theorist in psychoanalysis since World War II, published a series of

Both Freud and Anna proceed from psychological dynamics, emphasizing the conflict and defense between self and Idi, and their self-concept still has no unique field of its own. Anna seems to be one step ahead of her father and regards the self as the "appropriate field of observation", but her observation of the self is still to illustrate the dynamic relationship between the ego and Idi and the superego, and she still falls into the field of subconscious conflict. Therefore, the first task of establishing self-psychology is to define a unique research area for self. This range should be different from instinctual research, and should reflect the special psychological laws of the self and the characteristics of its initiative. This range is what Hartman calls "the self-sphere without conflict." He believes that the biggest problem with classical psychoanalysis is that it ignores the field of psychology without conflicts, and regards conflicts as its only research task. "The next task to expand the scope of psychoanalysis should be to reveal the various conflict-free activities of the self." . According to Hartman, the ego does not have to grow in the conflict between Edie and the superego. As an individual, it can exist outside the psychological conflict in experience. Self-adaptive functions, such as the development of perception, thinking, memory, language, creativity, and the maturity and learning of various actions, are not the products of the interaction between the self and the drive of Idi. They develop in the self-field without conflict. With. The so-called self-domain without conflict does not refer to the empty "domain", but refers to "a set of psychological functions that can function outside the scope of psychological conflict". Hartman's entire self-psychology system revolves around the self-sphere without conflicts, including the origin of the self, the autonomous development of the self, the neutralization of energy, and the process of self-adaptation. Hartman proposed a self-domain without conflict, which marked the true establishment of psychoanalysis in self-psychology, so he was hailed as the father of self-psychology. He explicitly incorporated this concept into psychoanalysis, expanded the scope of psychoanalysis, and caused substantial changes in psychoanalysis.

In Freud's theoretical system, the appearance of Edie is both biological and

Hartman believes that in order to completely leave the self and achieve self-determination, it is necessary to modify and extend the concept of Freud's mental energy. To this end, he proposed neutralization of energy, which means a process of transforming instinctual energy into non-instinct mode. He argued that the neutralization of energy began when the ego was liberated from Idi and served himself. For example, a baby at three months already has the ability to neutralize energy. When he was hungry, he was able to associate his feelings of hunger with the traces of memories of his past satisfaction and called his mother with a cry. As a result, there is a neutralization of energy in the hunger drive and the call to the mother.

Hartman's concept of energy neutralization is a further modification and extension of Freud's thought. Freud also has the idea of energy neutrality. He believes that in the role of sublimation, the ego can directly deliberate libido's energy. Hartman's idea of energy neutralization differs from Freud in two ways. The first is that Freud's concept of neutralization only involves the non-sexualization of sexual instincts, and Hartman emphasized that neutralization involves two instincts, namely, non-sexualization of sexual instincts and non-aggressiveness of attacking instincts . Second, the neutralization of Freud is a temporary process. For example, the function of sublimation is to temporarily transform the instinctual purpose into a socially acceptable purpose. Hartman advocates that neutralization is a continuous process. The continuous neutralization process can store the energy of neutralization in order to use it anytime, anywhere. Therefore, Hartman's neutralized energy is rooted in Idi only in name, but it is already the energy of the ego in essence and no longer has an instinct. Neutralization is a very broad concept in his ego psychology, providing a source of energy for the self's secondary autonomy and promoting self-adaptation to the environment.

Hartman believes that the process of self-adaptation is the process of neutralization of energy. Adaptation is essentially the result of the primary autonomy and secondary autonomy of the self, which is a balance between self-equipment and the environment. The study of the process of self-adaptation is an inevitable requirement of the self-field without conflict. He used Freud's concepts of autoplasty and alloplasty to explain the individual's adaptation to the environment. Self-formation means that the individual adapts to the environment by changing itself, and allogenesis means that the individual adapts to the environment by changing the environment. Hartman believes that both forms of adaptation are useful, and which form of adaptation is more appropriate belongs to the advanced functions of the self. In general, human adaptation activities first adapt the environment to human functions, and then humans adapt to the environment that they create. In addition, Hartman advocates that people also have a third form of adaptation, that is, individuals can make choices for new environments that are conducive to survival.

Hartman also further studied the relationship between the operational methods of human adaptation and the adaptation process, and distinguished two types of adaptation: progressive adaptation and progressive adaptation. The former refers to adaptation that is consistent with the direction of psychological development, and the latter refers to the retrogression or maladjustment that is temporarily manifested for future or overall adaptation to the environment, that is, circuitous progress. He believes that it is highly complex for organisms to reach perfection. To this end, we cannot consider only the adaptation of individual psychological organizational processes. Instead, we must first consider the important role of the organism's overall fit together. Sometimes in order to ensure overall adaptation, individual psychological organizations must temporarily show discomfort. Holistic adaptation is actually a synthetic function of the ego, meaning: it is not an independent function of the ego, but a combination of various self functions. He believes that the integration function is unique to human beings. It enables the self to measure various pros and cons, compare long-term and short-term benefits, and make the right choice. The integration function of human self shows that human adaptation is not passive, but an active activity to overcome difficulties and transform the environment.

Hartman also explores the impact of the external environment on adaptation. He proposed the concept of "average expectable environment", which refers to the environment that a person normally adapts to and develops normally, an environment that normal people can expect and imagine. A normal person spends most of his life in this environment of normal expectations, so his personal adaptation and development requirements are consistent with environmental requirements. The environment of normal expectation starts with mothers and other family members who interact with children, and then expands throughout social relationships. Hartman believes that the baby's self affects the environment by virtue of his self-regulation in the normal expected environment, which in turn affects the baby's self. The infant's ego develops spirally in its interaction with the normally expected environment. Hartman's self-psychology emphasizes the moderating role of the self and the environment, so that the psychoanalysis has changed from emphasizing Idi to emphasizing normal development, which undoubtedly has important significance.

Hartman founded the theoretical system of self-psychology on the basis of inheriting Freud and Anna's self-psychological thoughts, and his thoughts influenced a large number of self-psychologists such as Spitz and Jacob Busson, Mahler and Erikson. It can be seen that he was the guide behind the development of orthodox psychoanalysis in the direction of self-psychology behind Freud.

Hartman's ego psychology provided the necessary clarification of Freud's and Anna's ambiguous ego psychology. He carried out the construction of new theories and explored the psychological laws of self-fields without conflict. By juxtaposing the origin of the ego and the origin of the Idi, neutralizing the energy of the ego, and exploring the adaptive process of the interaction between the self and the environment, he modified Freud and Anna's self-psychological thoughts in two fundamental ways. : First, he changed his view that Edo was subordinate to Edi in essence; second, he changed his view of Edi's function mainly on the defense function of Edi. A significant significance of this fundamental change is the expansion of the purpose and scope of psychoanalysis, transforming classical psychoanalysis from the study of instinctual conflict to the normal psychology of self-adaptation. The bridge between psychology sets up a bridge of communication. The content of psychoanalysis can be incorporated into general psychology to facilitate the development of psychoanalysis without leaving the whole process of psychology. At the same time, Hartman focused on the occurrence and development of the self, thus pioneering the developmental psychology of psychoanalysis.

Hartman's self-psychological system has insurmountable contradictions. In order to emphasize the ego and his autonomy, he absolutely separated the ego from Yidi, and attributed the normal adaptation to the environment to his self-function and pathological instinct conflict. Therefore, he failed to specifically unify the entire personality structure including the self and Yidi with the social environment, but at the self-level, people and the environment are unified and affect each other; at the Yidi level, the environment The influence is external and abstract. In addition, in Hartman's theoretical system, Freud's Idi's decisive role is compromised, which is reflected in his use of the concept of neutrality of energy to explain the self-subordinate autonomy He believes that the energy required for the development of the secondary process of the self still cannot get rid of the shackles of Yidi, and thus does not give the self a truly independent energy.