What is somatic hypermutation?
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) is a mechanism that adapts to the immune system to recognize antigens he has not yet met. This mechanism is a predominant method in humans and enables cells of the immune system to diversify its receptors by supporting mutation in variable areas of immunoglobulin genes. These areas consist of binding areas of antibodies and antigen and contribute to the specific abilities of each antibody, allowing specific antigen recognition. B cells are then activated and stimulated for proliferation. During this proliferation, the immunoglobulin variable area of the DNA is rewritten and translated at a very high speed, approximately 10
6 times faster than normal mutations. This somatic hypermutation allows a rapid response that is essential for an effective immune system.
somatic hypermutation is considered to be a deamination of a cytosine base in the DNA POMEye activation of induced deaminase (AID), by converting from deoxycytidine to Deoxyuracil and the result of a new DNA. This new DNA contains uracil-guanin mismatch because uracil usually occurs in RNA, where it is paired with adenin and guanine is usually paired with cytosine in DNA. Correction of this mutation occurs by removing the highly faithful DNA enzyme, the uracil-glycosylase (Ung 2 ) followed by the synthesis of the new DNA DNA chains. However, this process is susceptible to errors and may result in replacing incorrect nucleobases at the original deamination or adjacent pairs of bases. This creates a "hot place" that is susceptible to mutations insertion and deletion.
The results of somatic hypermutation are then rewritten and tvy, resulting in a large number of B cells that carry different receptors and specificity, such as coded with hypermutation areas. These B cells with antibodies that show the greatest affinity to antigen, which originally stimulated proliferation, then distinguishes to plasmAtic cells that produce the corresponding, affinity -specified antibody, as well as in memory B cells. This differentiation and affinity maturation then allows the immune system to create a greater and more efficient response if the antigen meets in the future.
somatic hypermutation occurs in individual immune cells, so it is transmitted to only one particular cell line. In addition, the mutations are not passed on to any offspring. However, problems may arise because somatic hypermutation also includes cells that automatically choose against their own organism cells. If there is a failure in this process, an autoimmune response may be provoked.