In Biology, What is an Exoskeleton?

An exoskeleton is a hard outer structure that provides the structure, construction, and protection of biologically soft internal organs.

Exoskeleton

Exoskeleton is a kind of soft internal organ
Challenges in developing human exoskeleton
Although the concept of exoskeleton has appeared in American science fiction movies for decades, it has never been a practical concept due to the limitations of basic technology.
Energy supply is a major obstacle. The human exoskeleton's energy source must be mobile and able to provide sufficient energy for tasks assigned by the wearer. Energy source
Since 2000, the U.S. military has been engaged in the research of the "Enhanced Human Exoskeleton" (EHPA) project. It plans to develop a robot skeleton to improve human military combat capabilities. It is planned to start sample tests in 2005. After wearing an exoskeleton robot in the future, soldiers will become a super soldier with infinite strength, can carry more weapons and equipment, increase firepower, and increase protection levels. At the same time, they can overcome any obstacles and advance at high speed without fatigue. sense.
1. The HAL-5 developed by Cyberdyne, a Japanese technology company, is a semi-robot with self-expansion and improvement functions. It is equipped with an active control system. Muscles obtain nerve signals from the brain through motor neurons, and then move the muscle and skeletal system. HAL (English abbreviation for Hybrid Assisted Limb) can detect very weak signals on the skin surface. The power unit controls muscle movement based on the received signals. HAL-5 is a robot that can be worn on the body. It is 1600 mm high and weighs 23 kg. It is driven by a rechargeable battery (AC 100V) and can work for nearly 2 hours and 40 minutes. HAL-5 can help the wearer to complete standing, walking, climbing, grasping, lifting weights and other movements. Almost all activities in daily life can be completed with the help of HAL-5. HAL-5 is equipped with a hybrid control system that performs well both indoors and outdoors.
Cyberjaya Hal-5
2. Rescue robot T52 Enryu T52 Enryu is a large piece of the robot family, weighing nearly 5 tons and up to 3 meters tall. It is very powerful and can help rescuers clear debris from the road. T52 Enryu can come in handy for any disaster relief effort, such as an earthquake. It is hydraulically driven and is also called a "super rescue robot". It can lift a weight of nearly 1 ton, and a robotic arm can perform all types of actions. The T52 Enryu was designed by the Japanese company Tmsuk in March 1994 and then tested at Nagaoka University of Technology. In tests, it successfully lifted a car from a snowdrift.
Rescue robot T52 Enryu
3. Panasonic inflatable exoskeleton
Panasonic inflatable exoskeleton is designed to help paralyzed patients. Its elbows and wrists are equipped with sensors that allow the arm to control eight artificial muscles. The artificial muscle contains compressed air to squeeze the paralyzed part.
Panasonic inflatable exoskeleton
4. Berkeley Blick Exoskeleton
Designed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Berkeley Brick Exoskeleton is designed to help soldiers, rescuers, wildfire firefighters and all other emergency responders with funding for the design. Berkeley Brick's exoskeleton was designed to help these people easily carry a variety of equipment.
Berkeley Blick Exoskeleton
5. Mech Exoskeleton
The mech exoskeleton is a replica of the mech often found in science fiction, reaching a height of 18 feet (about 5.48 meters), and was invented by Carlos Owens, an engineer in Alaska. The mech exoskeleton is actually a walking machine controlled by the driver inside. It looks like a human, and as described in science fiction, it also has a good fist and sword.
Mech Exoskeleton
6. Stelarc exoskeleton
The Stelarc exoskeleton is a muscular robot, similar in appearance to the Spider-Man, with six legs and a diameter of 5 meters. It is a hybrid man-machine that expands and contracts after inflation and deflation, and has more flexibility than other exoskeleton. During use, the operator needs to stand in the middle and control the machine to move toward the face. The Stelarc exoskeleton is driven by a fluid muscle transmission and is equipped with a large number of sensors.
Stelarc exoskeleton
7. Brain controlled exoskeleton system
This exoskeleton enables the interaction between bones, muscles and the nervous system. All bones and muscles are controlled directly by the brain. The brain-controlled exoskeleton system was designed by the Neuromechanical Laboratory of the University of Michigan.
Brain-controlled exoskeleton system
8. Springwalker exoskeleton
Springwalker exoskeleton can run and jump like all animals. With this exoskeleton, the wearer can run as fast as 35 miles per hour (about 56 kilometers) and jump up to 5 feet (about 1.52 meters).
Springwalker exoskeleton
9. Murdered professor walks with assistive device
This walking assist device is used to help people with sarcopenia recover their body functions. Sarcopenia can cause skeletal muscle loss in patients. The name "Professor Murdered" came about because this walking aid was developed by Professor Kevin Granata who was shot dead at Virginia Tech. Granata has long since died, but his walking assisted exoskeleton still helps many patients.
Murdered professor walks with assistive device
10. Gravitational balance leg orthosis
The gravity-balanced leg orthosis is designed to help the wearer walk without being affected by gravity. The elimination of gravitational effects means that patients with hemiplegia can walk easily with the help of this orthosis. With this device, patients with hemiplegia can regain strength and control. Developed by the University of Delaware, the orthosis can be adjusted to achieve a balance between leg movement and gravity.
Gravity balance leg orthosis
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