What Is a Plane Table?

Plane representation refers to the overall overall representation method of construction drawings of concrete structures (referred to as the flat method). It refers to the dimensions of structural members and steel bars, etc., according to the rules of overall representation of planar drawings, and directly expresses the overall layout of various structural structures. In combination with standard structural detailed drawings, a method of constructing a complete set of structural drawings is formed. It changes the traditional tedious method of indexing the components from the structural plan, and then drawing the detailed details of the reinforcement one by one. It is a major reform of the design method of the concrete structure construction drawing. The National Architectural Standard Design Atlas (G101), which was approved and issued by the Ministry of Construction, is a scientific and technological achievement promoted by the state and has been widely used throughout the country.

Plane representation

Full name: Plane overall representation method of concrete structure construction drawing.

Source: Professor Chen Qinglai, former professor of Shandong University, invented and edited.

Uses: High-efficiency drafting methods and construction operation methods commonly used in the construction, construction and construction of reinforced concrete projects from design, supervision to construction.

Interpretation: The flat expression form, in general, refers to the size and reinforcement of structural members, according to the drawing rules of the overall plane representation method, and directly expresses the overall structure plan of various types of components, and then details the standard structure. Matching diagrams constitutes a new type of complete structural design. Changed the traditional tedious method of indexing components from the structural plan, and then drawing reinforcement details one by one.

Purpose: Automatically design with computer software, greatly improving the working efficiency of designers. Standardize and systematicize reinforced concrete engineering, modernize drawing design,

Status: The National Institute of Architectural Standards and Design has published and distributed 7 flat atlases and 1 related atlas:

03G101-1, Overall Plan Representation Method for Construction Drawings of Concrete Structures, Drawing Rules and Detailed Structural Drawings (Concrete Frame, Shear Wall, Frame Shear Wall, Frame Support Shear Wall Structure) (Discontinued)

03G101-2, Overall Plane Representation Method for Construction Drawings of Concrete Structures, Drawing Rules and Detailed Structural Drawings (cast-in-place concrete slab stairs) (Discontinued)

04G101-3, Overall Plane Representation Method for Construction Drawings of Concrete Structures, Drawing Rules and Structural Detailed Drawings (Raft Foundation) (Deprecated)

04G101-4, Overall Plane Representation Method for Construction Drawings of Concrete Structures, Drawing Rules and Detailed Structural Drawings (In-situ Concrete Floors and Roofs) (Discontinued)

08G101-5, Overall Plane Representation of Construction Drawings of Concrete Structures, Drawing Rules and Detailed Structural Drawings (Box Foundation and Basement Structure)

06G101-6, Overall Plane Representation of Construction Drawings of Concrete Structures, Drawing Rules and Detailed Structural Drawings (Independent Foundation, Strip Foundation, Pile Foundation Cap) (Deprecated)

08G101-11, common questions and answers of G101 series atlas construction

11G101-1, Overall representation method of concrete structure construction drawings, drawing rules and detailed structural drawings (cast-in-place concrete frames, shear walls, beams, and slabs)

11G101-2, Overall Plane Representation Method for Construction Drawings of Concrete Structures, Drawing Rules and Detailed Structural Drawings (Situated Concrete Slab Stairs)

11G101-3, Overall plan representation method for concrete structure construction drawings, drawing rules and detailed structural drawings (independent foundation, strip foundation, raft foundation and pile foundation cap)

06G901-1, Detailed rules and structural drawings for the reinforcement arrangement of concrete structures (cast-in-place concrete frames, shear walls, frame-shear walls)

Those who are engaged in the construction industry, especially those who are engaged in building structure design, know that China's building structure construction drawing design has gone through three periods: First, the detailed drawing method from the beginning of the founding of the PRC to the end of the 1990s (also known as the reinforcement diagram); The second is the beam table method applied in open cities in the southeast coast of China from the early 1980s to the early 1990s; the third is the flat method that has been popular in the 1990s to the present. On August 8, 1995, an article titled "A Leap in Structural Design" was published in a prominent position on the front page of the China Construction News, which had a strong response in China's construction industry. Because the Integral Design Method for Building Construction Plan Plan (hereinafter referred to as the flat method), which has just passed the scientific and technological achievements appraisal of the Ministry of Construction 10 days ago, can reduce the amount of drawings by 65 to 80% compared with the traditional method. Quantitative calculation, which is equivalent to increasing the life of the plotter by three or four times; and the design quality common faults have been greatly reduced; in the past, it was necessary to repeatedly check the large-scale drawings when inspecting the reinforcement of the beam layer by layer in the construction. Now only one drawing includes one All the data of the beams are very popular with the construction and supervision personnel. With a few flicks, ten years passed. So far, as the founder of Pingfa, Mr. Chen Qinglai, a professor at Shandong University, has published 35 monographs and volumes of national standard design technology monographs and papers on Pingfa, among which a total of more than one million copies of national architectural standard design have been issued. Accepting invitations from construction administrative departments, architectural societies, civil engineering societies, major design institutes, and colleges and universities across the country, Professor Chen Qinglai has given more than 70 lectures on flat law.

Structural CAD software developed in 1986 is based on detailed drawing method and beam table method. Its appearance, instead of manual drawing, has played an important role in improving the efficiency of structural design in China. However, with the rapid development of China's basic construction, the disadvantages of structural CAD software in practical use have become increasingly prominent. This is manifested in the following aspects: the workload of building structure designers has increased dramatically, 70-80% of which is used for drawing; the widespread use of computers on the surface has freed designers from heavy calculation work, but from an overall perspective Most of the design projects in the country are still based on manual drawing. Even if computer drawing is used, the existing CAD software is based on traditional design methods, which is cumbersome to express. The amount of drawings is more than manual drawing, and the design cost is higher. It is also for this reason that the "wrong, leak, touch, and lack" in the design has become a common quality problem. In addition, during the design of engineering projects, the architectural major often adjusts and modifies the plane halfway, the structural design has to be changed accordingly, and the frame, shear wall, etc. are expressed vertically. Due to the inconsistency in the expressions between the majors, the design changes are involved Fired all over. If you make a picture in a state of tension, you often lose sight of each other and form a new "wrong, leak, touch, lack." This has something to do with the unscientific nature of traditional design methods.

Maybe it is the right time to say this. Chen Qinglai, who graduated from Hunan University with an undergraduate major in Industrial and Civil Architecture in 1982, felt keenly in actual work that, because of the content of construction drawings drawn by traditional methods and traditional CAD software, There are a large number of "repeats of the same value" and "repeats of the same value year-on-year", making the traditional design method inefficient and difficult to control the quality. In the second half of 1991, Chen Qinglai, who had studied, studied, and inspected in Japan and Norway twice, found out that the structural drawings completed by design offices in developed countries usually do not have node structure details, and the node structure details are usually provided by construction companies. (Construction unit) carried out the secondary design, the design efficiency is high, and the quality is guaranteed; some structural designs even only give the reinforcement area, the specific reinforcement method is carried out by the construction company, and the drawing efficiency is faster. Based on this, he believes that traditional Chinese design methods must be reformed. By this time, Ping Fa had the initial bud in his heart.

Practice has told Chen Qinglai that there are two major parts in the construction method, namely the structure of the component nodes and the structure of the members outside the component nodes. These two major construction methods are not part of the creative design content of the design engineer. Usually, they only need to directly follow the specifications and draw on some versions of the structural design data to draw. Therefore, there is a lot of duplication in traditional design, and most of them It is not surprising that it is a simple repetition of construction practices in discrete information. If the traditional "component standardization" is changed to "structural standardization", it will not only greatly increase the standardization rate and reduce the repetitive labor of design engineers, but also reduce the repetition in the design drawings, which will greatly reduce the probability of errors accordingly. In this way, the design efficiency can be greatly improved, while the design quality is also improved. Based on the above understanding, the idea of flat method has become clearer and clearer in Chen Qinglai's mind, and a new standardization idea has quickly formed. Along this line, Chen Qinglai has moved to another field of structural standardization. In this new field, there is no complete standardized component, but it includes the standard design of node structure and external node structure that must exist in the structure. These two types of structures can be applied to all members, but they have no restrictive relationship with the specific net span, net height, and specific cross-sectional dimensions of the members; they have no direct relationship with the loads carried by the members; they have no relation with the internal forces in the member sections. It has a direct relationship; it is also not directly related to the size and quantity of rebars configured by the designer according to the bearing capacity requirements. Based on the above ideas, Chen Qinglai has adopted a large number of concrete construction methods, both mature in theory and practice, into a standard design for building structures, and has implemented large-scale standardization of construction methods inside and outside the nodes of various structural components. Such a standardized approach not only has a wide range of applications, but also does not replace the responsibilities and rights of structural design engineers, and fully respects the creative work of structural design engineers. This new type of standardization method can be defined as a "generalized standardization" method compared to "component standardization". For the cast-in-situ reinforced concrete structure, the standardization rate can be higher than 30%. The generalized standardized method has obviously made a significant breakthrough in solving a lot of repeated problems in the construction drawings of traditional structures.

1991 was an extraordinary year for Chen Qinglai. In early October of this year, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of Jining City, Shandong Province required the construction of the business building to be included in this year's capital use plan, and required the Shandong Architectural Design and Research Institute to complete the design within three months. In that year, it was quite difficult for one person to complete the structural design of 16,000 square meters in less than three months. According to the convention, even the best designers can only complete a maximum of 100 square meters of work per day, that is, it takes 160 days for one person to do the fastest at 16,000 square meters. After looking at the materials provided by the other party, Chen Qinglai felt that this was a good opportunity to practice law. Not only did he readily accept the task, he promised to complete it on time. But he made a request to the relevant parties: Do not interfere with which method I use. Using his own thinking and mature "flat method" to operate, Chen Qinglai completed the task as scheduled in 40 days. A senior engineer in charge of drawing review and graduated from Tongji University in 1958 found that there was only a thin stack of drawings-it is customary that the number of drawings should be three times the current one, and the way of using it is very different from the past, and I feel okay Normally, they reviewed it more carefully, but hardly found "mistakes and omissions." Apart from being happy, the old engineer praised: "It's seamless!" However, the old engineer praised the failure to exchange the support of relevant leaders of Chen Qinglai's unit at the time. He has no complaints about this. He believes that no new thing can be understood and accepted within a short time. This is the objective law of human society in understanding things. Chen Qinglai firmly believes that a good technology will spread far and wide, and there is no need to promote it; a technology that is not advanced will not really work even if it is fully promoted. From 1992 to 1994, in the absence of any promotion measures and a low-key attitude of the relevant leaders, the law of peace in Shandong Architectural Design and Research Institute turned out to be "naturally popular." At the end of 1994, Chen Qinglai was invited by Beijing's relevant departments to give lectures on peace law for one hundred central, local and army large design institutes in Beijing. The first session caused a sensation. His name has since passed to the political and cultural center of China, and then spread throughout the country Structural engineering community.

From the first application of Pingfa in October 1991 to Jining Industrial and Commercial Bank's business building, to the successful implementation of dozens of project designs in the following three years, the time has come for the promotion of Pingfa's theory and method system to the whole society. On July 26, 1995, the "Scientific Research Appraisal of the" Integral Design Method for Construction Drawings of Building Structures "organized by the Ministry of Construction was held in Beijing. At the meeting, many well-known experts in the field of structural engineering in China agreed on the six major effects of flat method I agree. The six major effects are: simple enough to use standardized design drafting rules, digital and symbolic representation of structural construction drawings, a large amount of information in a single drawing, and concentration; clear classification of components, clear levels, accurate expression, and design The speed is fast and the efficiency is doubled. The flat method makes it easy for the designer to grasp the overall situation, easy to adjust the balance, easy to modify, easy to review, and change the plan without involving other components, and it is easy to control the design quality. The requirements for drawing construction can also be adapted to the special situation in which major adjustments are made after the construction of the main structure begins. The order of the structural layer design of the flat method is the same as that of the horizontal layer-by-layer construction. A single drawing can be implemented for the standard layer. The construction engineer can easily form an overall concept for the structure, which is conducive to construction quality management. The easy-to-use flat method adopts standardized structural details, which are visual and intuitive, and the construction is easy to understand and easy to operate. The standard structural details can integrate the mature and reliable conventional node structures in China. After centralized classification and compilation, they are compiled into national building standard designs. Atlases are available for design selection, which can avoid repeated plagiarism of construction practices and associated design errors, and ensure that the node structure achieves high quality in both design and construction. In addition, the research, design, and construction of node structures have become more specialized. The low-energy flat method significantly reduces design costs, reduces design consumption, and saves natural resources. The flat construction drawing is an orderly and quantitative design drawing. The standard design drawing set used with it can be reused. Compared with the traditional method, the drawing amount is reduced by about 70%, and the comprehensive design man-day is reduced by more than two thirds. A design area of 100,000 square meters can reduce the design cost by 270,000 yuan, which saves human resources and also saves natural resources. The high efficiency flat method can greatly improve the design efficiency, which can immediately liberate productivity and quickly alleviate the shortage of structural designers during the peak period of capital construction. In the architectural design institutes that promoted the flat method earlier, the ratio of architectural designers to structural designers has changed significantly. The number of structural designers has been lower than that of architectural designers. Some structural institutes have only two structural designers. One-quarter to one-fourth, the structural design cycle is significantly shortened, and the work intensity of structural designers has been significantly reduced. Changing the structure of employment structure to promote the change of the distribution of talents has substantially affected the talent structure in the field of building structures. The demand for graduates from engineering and civil engineering majors by design units has been significantly reduced, leaving considerable space for structural units to recruit structural talents. A large number of graduates from engineering and civil engineering majors have gradually become job seekers in the construction department, which has led to the flow of talents. More obvious changes, the distribution of talents tends to be reasonable. With the passage of time, a large number of senior civil engineering technical personnel will definitely have a positive effect on the scientific and technological progress in the field of construction. Promoting talent competition The law promotes talent competition in design institutes and promotes the improvement of structural design. The design unit's limited demand for annual graduates naturally forms a competition for the employment of talents. Naturally, the result of competition should be that better talents have more opportunities to enter the design unit. In the long run, it can effectively improve the overall quality of the structural design team. After a lapse of 12 days, an article titled "A Leap in Structural Design" was published in a prominent position on the front page of the China Construction News, which resonated strongly with the Chinese architectural design community for a while. After a lapse of ten years, the law of peace has been universally adopted in China. Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. Various new ideas put forward by Ping Fa that year have been generally accepted by the industry.

In the past 10 years, Mr. Chen Qinglai has written a large number of books and papers on flat law. The main contents are as follows: National Architectural Standard Design 96G101 "Plane Overall Representation Method and Detailed Structural Drawings of Concrete Structure Construction Drawings" Force wall, frame --- shear wall, frame-supported shear wall structure), November 1996. National Architectural Standard Design 00G101 "Plane Overall Representation Method and Detailed Structural Drawing of Concrete Structure Construction Drawings" (cast-in-place concrete frame, shear wall, frame-supported shear wall structure), July 2000. National Architectural Standard Design 03G1011 "Plane Overall Representation Method and Detailed Structural Drawing of Concrete Structure Construction Drawings" (cast-in-place concrete frame, shear wall, frame-supported shear wall structure), January 2003. National Architectural Standard Design 03G1012 "Integral Plane Representation Method and Structural Detail of Concrete Structure Construction Drawings" (cast-in-place concrete slab stairs), July 2003. National Architectural Standard Design 04G101-3 "Detailed Plane Overall Representation Method and Structure of Concrete Structure Construction Drawings" (raft foundation), February 2004. National Architectural Standard Design 04G1014 "Plane Overall Representation Method and Detailed Structural Drawings of Construction Drawings of Concrete Structures" (cast-in-place concrete floor slabs and roof slabs), November 2004. The "Flat Method Design and Construction Structure of Reinforced Concrete Structures" has been published and published in China Construction Industry Press, and the whole book is planned to be unpublished in the second half of 2005. "Plane Overall Representation of Concrete Structure Construction Drawings", Journal of Hunan University, No.12, 1994. "Rules for Integral Reinforcement Drawings of Column Planes", Architectural Knowledge, Issue 5, 1997. "Discussion on the detailed structure of the flat column standard structure", Architectural Knowledge, No. 6 of 1997. "Rules for Shearing Plane Overall Reinforcement Drawings", Architectural Knowledge, No. 1, 1998. "Detailed Drawings on Standard Structure of Flat Shear Wall", Architectural Knowledge, No. 2, 1998. "Rules for the Overall Dubbing of the Beam Plane (I)", Architectural Knowledge, No. 3, 1998. "Rules for the Overall Dubbing of the Beam Plane (2)", Architectural Knowledge, No. 4, 1998. "Detailed Drawings on the Standard Structure of Flat Method Beam (I)", Architectural Knowledge, No. 5 of 1998. "Detailed Drawings on the Standard Structure of the Flat Method Beam (II)", Architectural Knowledge, No. 6 of 1998. "Detailed Drawings on the Standard Structure of Pingfa Beam (3)", Architectural Knowledge, No. 1 of 1999. "Detailed Drawings on the Standard Structure of the Flat Method Beam (4)", Architectural Knowledge, No. 2 of 1999. "Answers to 96G101 Users (I)", Architectural Knowledge, Issue 4, 1999. "Answers to 96G101 User Questions (II)", Architectural Knowledge, Issue 5, 1999.