What is Human Factors Engineering?
Human factors engineering is an emerging and rapidly developing interdisciplinary discipline that involves a variety of disciplines, such as: physiology, psychology, anatomy, management, engineering, systems science, labor science, safety science, environmental science, etc. The application field is very broad. Therefore, in the formation and development of this discipline, scholars in various disciplines, fields, and countries have defined and named the discipline from different perspectives, reflecting different research priorities and application scopes, which have not yet been unified.
- Book title
- Human Factors Engineering
- Author
- Jiang Zuhua
- Publishing house
- Science Press
- date of publish
- 2011-1-1
- Human factors engineering is an emerging and rapidly developing interdisciplinary discipline that involves a variety of disciplines, such as: physiology, psychology, anatomy, management, engineering, systems science, labor science, safety science, environmental science, etc. The application field is very broad. Therefore, in the formation and development of this discipline, scholars in various disciplines, fields, and countries have defined and named the discipline from different perspectives, reflecting different research priorities and application scopes, which have not yet been unified.
Human Factors Interdisciplinary
Ergonomics
- Ergonomics, or ergonomics for short, is "Ergonomics" in English. This name is used the most in the world. Countries around the world have translated or transliterated it into their own language. The official name of China's first-level society is also "Chinese Ergonomics Society", and the corresponding academic journal is named "Ergonomics".
- Ergonomics
Human factors engineering
- Human Factors Engineering or Human Factors. It is used the most in the United States and some western countries. It is often used in the nuclear power industry, general living areas, or daily necessities design. China also uses this name more.
- Human factors engineering
Ergonomics
- Ergonomics or Man-Machine Engineering or ergonomics. This is the earliest translation name of Ergonomics in China, so far most people in engineering also like to use this name.
- Ergonomics
Human Factors Human-Machine-Environment System
- Man-Machine-Environment Systems Engineering. China's aerospace field first adopted the name of human-machine-environment system engineering, which covers a wider range of disciplines.
Human Factors Other Similar Names
- Other similar names, such as "Engineering Psychology" is an early name of this discipline and the basic knowledge of this discipline; "Human Engineering" is used in some Chinese military standards and is another translation of Human Factors Engineering; "Mechanical engineering design", "human factors engineering design", and "pleasant design" are also commonly used by Chinese engineering designers.
Human Factors About Definition
- There is no uniform name for the subject, nor is there a uniform definition. What most scholars from all countries agree with is the definition of the International Ergonomics Association in 2000: "Ergonomics is the study of human anatomy, physiology and psychology in a certain work environment, etc. Factors in various aspects; research on the interaction between humans, machines and the environment; research on how to consider work at work, in life and at rest
- Regardless of how it is named and defined, the author believes that this discipline takes humans as its core factor, and uses human science knowledge such as psychology, physiology, anatomy, anthropology to engineering design and operation management, especially safety design and safety management. People-oriented, focusing on improving human performance, preventing human errors, and considering the optimization of the overall performance of the human-machine-environment system under conditions that make the personnel in the system as safe and comfortable as possible.
- It is precisely because human factors are considered in engineering design and operation management that it is a characteristic of this discipline. Therefore, we use human factors engineering as the name of this discipline to highlight the application of human factors in engineering. Considered literally, "human factors engineering", as the name implies, is easy to make people think about human factors and easy to understand and accept.
- "The unified consideration of the optimization of the overall performance of the human-machine-environment system" means that not only must the design of the machine conform to human physiological and psychological characteristics, which is conducive to "safe, efficient, and comfortable" for humans, that is, "the machine is pleasant", but also Consider adapting people to machines through training and management. One-sided emphasis on one aspect is not in line with human factors engineering principles. In the design of the Shenzhou 6 spacecraft orbital and living space, full use of human factors engineering principles, not only to make astronauts "safe, efficient, and comfortable" as far as possible, but also must consider flying in the universe, after all, there are too many restrictions , Including the limitations of economic strength and technological level, so it is necessary to adapt them to the environment of space flight through rigorous training of astronauts. This is a typical example. Other systems are similar, except that in some cases, the focus is on "pleasant machine," and sometimes on "people-friendly machine."
- 1. In the research objective: improve work efficiency and quality; meet people's value needs.
- 2. In terms of research content: focus on the research on the interrelationship between human beings, products, equipment, facilities, procedures and the environment used in work and daily life.
- 3. In the research method: systematically research the relevant information about human ability, behavior, restrictions and characteristics, and use it in the design and manufacture of products, operating procedures and use environment.
Human factor engineering purpose
- 1) Make people work more effectively;
- 2) Make people work more safely;
- 3) Make people work more comfortably;
- With the rapid development of technology and the improvement of the quality of life, people have pushed the level of life to another level. In addition to the materials, functions, and taste of the product, we hope that the design of the product itself is more considerate and friendly; and this thoughtful and understanding is nothing more than the expectation that it can better meet all human needs. What does "satisfaction" mean? "Satisfaction" means "sense and happiness." If there is no feeling, then everything is free of talk. So if there is a feeling, all the design cannot exceed the limits of human instinct. The discussion of this limit is also in the category of human factors engineering. Basically, the main purpose of human factors engineering is twofold:
- First, improve efficiency, such as improving production quality, reducing errors, increasing reliability, and so on.
- Second, improve human values, such as reducing work stress and fatigue, improving safety, enhancing comfort and satisfaction, and improving quality of life.
Human error engineering
Human factors engineering subjective factors
- Carelessness, comprehension, judgment, memory, irritability, luck, vanity; bad style, safety awareness, technical level, operational ability, physical fitness and psychological quality.
Objective factors of human factors engineering
- No rules to follow, incomplete information, incorrect data, tools and equipment, equipment supply, poor management, insufficient training, ideological education, customary forces, job handover, information exchange, working environment, working hours, fatigue work, corporate safety culture, etc.
Human factors engineering management model
- The study of human factors is to formulate or adopt a series of correct and communicative measures and means to prevent human behavior errors and thereby prevent the occurrence of human errors. The following are common models for studying human factors:
SHEL Human Factors Hawkins SHEL Model
- The SHEL model was proposed by Professor Elwyn Edwards in 1972. In this model, matching and mismatching on the square surface means a source of human error.
- People-the center of the model, it is the most critical and flexible element of the system, and it is the most adaptable part of the system. The square edge is jagged, and other parts must be adapted to it and matched with it to avoid the system. Internal stress caused the system to completely collapse. Therefore, we must pay attention to human factors and utilize and develop human potential, we must pay attention to studying human characteristics and mastering human characteristics.
- People-hardware. Airlines are mainly reflected in two aspects. One is that the flight crew must be proficient in using the aircraft, and give full play to the aircraft's technical potential. Improve flight quality. The second is that the flight crew must ensure the continued airworthiness of the aircraft. In both aspects, it is necessary to establish a good relationship between people and hardware to achieve cooperation and integration between people and aircraft.
- People-software. It refers to software and other non-structural components in the system, such as programs, rules, manuals, checklists, work orders, symbol version numbers, and computer applications. The relationship between human and software is not as tangible as the human-machine interface, so it is more difficult to detect and resolve.
- People-the environment. The relationship between people, work space and facilities is the relationship between people and the environment.
- People-people. This is the human-human interface. The influence of leadership, team (crew), team and personality, corporate culture, corporate atmosphere, work pressure, and the relationship between people will greatly affect people's performance.
Human factors accident chain
- The accident chain is a concept proposed in the ICAO ICAO accident prevention manual. Major accidents are rarely caused by one cause, but occur when many factors connect the links together like a chain. To prevent accidents, just cut a link on the chain.
Hain's Law of Human Factors
- "Hain's Law" is a "mathematical model" for studying and analyzing human error. "Hain's Law" indicates that there were 29 incidents in a major accident. And there are 300 signs of serious accidents (serious errors) below.
Human Factors Murphy's Law
- Wherever things can go wrong, there must be someone wrong, and in the worst possible way, at the worst possible time.
Human factors engineering research methods
- The entire human factor engineering research method is based on the epidemiological, Phy-siology, Psychology, and Biomech-anics, and uses human beings systematically. Capabilities, Capabilities, Behavior, Motivation and other relevant information to design things and processes and the environment. The collection of related information usually requires continuous experiments and statistical analysis. Therefore, considerable statistical and experimental design training is also indispensable. From the above, we can simply define that human factors engineering is to explore and apply relevant information such as human behavior, ability instincts, and other characteristics to design appliances, machines, equipment, systems, tasks, jobs, and their surrounding environment. To increase productivity, safety, comfort and efficiency, thereby improving the quality of human life.
Human factors engineering measures
- 1. Workers are people rather than gods, and people have the potential to make mistakes, but they cannot make mistakes catastrophic. Human error can be reduced, avoided, and eliminated, but it cannot be done by one person alone. Requires the strength of the group, relying on system management. In optimizing people-to-people relationships, special emphasis should be placed on teamwork and the establishment of mutual relations and cooperation between employees. Working together can reduce human error and minimize the impact of errors. Emphasize the coordination and cooperation of flight crews, change the behavior of people, and reduce errors caused by human factors during flight. Standard yelling, cross checking, etc. are effective measures.
- Aircraft maintenance personnel should establish an overall concept of the system and emphasize the system of "self-inspection, mutual inspection, and full-time inspection." In some special occasions, such as performing important flight missions in bad weather, troubleshooting major faults, carrying out a major maintenance project, and handover of personnel, the situation of inspection personnel and managers should be emphasized, and the role of the group should be exerted. Managers arrange work tasks and try to arrange important work or abnormal work when they are sober. For example, to troubleshoot major faults after the flight, it may be better to draw 1-2 people to specialize in troubleshooting instead of sharing work. After the routine work is completed after the flight, the personnel are arranged to engage in major troubleshooting. The person is very tired and lacks time, which is likely to induce human error.
- 2. Establish and improve rules and regulations and standard operating procedures, make full use of control methods such as work procedures and inspections to prevent human errors, and pay close attention to implementation in practice, so that every employee follows and is in a standardized and orderly manner. Work in a safe environment.
- Performing checklists is an important part of standard operating procedures. The checklist outlines the most important safety-critical operations for each normal and typical emergency situation in flight. Especially in emergencies, the situation is ever-changing, there are many choices, great mental pressure, and time is extremely urgent. The timely application of corresponding checklists can help the unit to take reasonable and orderly response actions quickly, thereby reducing risks or reducing losses to The smallest. So the seemingly bland checklist is essentially an amulet for the flight crew.
- According to the regulations of CCAR-21, an airworthy aircraft needs to meet two conditions, that is, to comply with the approved model design and to be in a safe and usable state. "In a state of safety and availability" is the batch of one aircraft carried out maintenance, preventive maintenance and inspection by qualified maintenance personnel. "The work order (card) is the basis for the implementation of maintenance, preventive maintenance and inspection. It is an optimized combination of maintenance outline and maintenance plan, which reflects the unity of safety and maintenance economy. Strict operation according to the check list will not cause errors.
- Xiamen Airlines promotes standardized management, emphasizing the implementation of checklists and work orders to provide workers with the most optimized working procedures and methods for the purpose of safety.
- 3. Strengthening personnel training, raising awareness of rules, improving operational skills, and improving the ability to predict risks are effective measures to prevent human error. The focus of the training is on job qualifications (obtaining various job permits and licenses) and "should know, should know". The author believes that the "job certificate" and practical knowledge, should be obtained around safety scales and business activities. ". Managers should make full use of typical safety analysis and typical safety teaching to develop the ability to combat the risk of human error.
- 4. Take necessary error prevention measures to the extent permitted by the regulations.
- According to Murphy's Law, errors are bound to occur wherever they are prone to errors. Statistics show that there are some procedures, parts, sites, equipment, pipelines, lines, control switches, etc. that are prone to cause human errors in operation practice. Aircraft manufacturers and the civil aviation community have made a lot of error prevention improvements. Adjustments, we may also wish to take the following measures in our daily work:
- Program design to avoid cross-work content
- The production process considers the execution time of the day
- Flight crew's standard gossip, recitations, and cross-checks;
- Control measures such as "self-inspection, mutual inspection, and full-time inspection" are emphasized in maintenance work;
- The installation position and storage position of tangible materials such as equipment, pipelines, lines, switches, handles, and operating buttons should be separated from space, or distinguished from outside, colored, and marked.
- 5. Attention should be paid to any human error. According to the "Hain's Law" event, errors, accidents, and accidents are distributed in the shape of pagodas. Accidents are often formed by the accumulation of many errors. Never ignore small mistakes. This will leave endless hidden dangers to future work. There are two currencies that must be paid attention to. One is that an error has occurred but the consequences have not been made or the consequences are small and they are not taken for granted. Passionate about "setting the balance" and "getting it done." Without carefully learning the lessons, these are two very harmful tendencies. It is too late to pay attention when a major accident occurs, and the cost is too expensive.
- 6. Promote a voluntary reporting system without punishment. If the parties report that they are facing penalties, it is difficult to obtain the true situation from the parties, and it is difficult to find the signs of errors. The fundamental purpose of our understanding and investigation is to prevent the recurrence of similar incidents and not other purposes.
- We understand and study human factors engineering, which is to make full use of human factors engineering knowledge in our work and life, so that we work better and live better!
Human Factors Related Bibliography
1 Human factors engineering books 1
- Book information
- Human Factors Engineering
- Pages: 339
- Word Count: 526000
- Printing time: 2011-1-1
- Folio: 16
- ISBN: 9787030298225
- brief introduction
- "Human factors engineering" systematically introduces the basic theory, basic methods, and typical applications of human factors engineering, extending the application range from traditional manufacturing to product industrial design, nuclear power plants, aerospace and other fields. The book consists of 12 chapters. Chapter 1 is the introduction, and Chapters 2-7 introduce human body morphological characteristics and measurement, human functional characteristics, human natural tendency and reliability, human mechanics, human physical workload, human information processing system, and mental workload. Chapters 8 and 9 introduce human-computer interaction interface design, work space design, and appliance design, Chapter 10 introduces the operating environment, Chapter 11 introduces the design and evaluation of human-machine systems, and Chapter 12 introduces typical applications of modern human factors engineering.
- "Human Factor Engineering" is not only used as a textbook for industrial engineering undergraduates in colleges and universities, but also as a textbook for other engineering majors.
- Foreword
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- 1.1 The emergence and development of human factors engineering
- 1.1.1 What is Human Factors
- 1.1.2 A Brief History of Engineering Development
- 1.2 Research Contents and Research Methods of Human Factors
- 1.2.1 Research content of human factors engineering
- 1.2.2 Research Methods of Human Factors
- 1.2.3 Application areas of human factors engineering
- Exercises in this chapter
- Chapter 2 Human Morphological Features and Measurements
- Chapter 3 Human Functional Features
- Chapter 4 Human Natural Tendencies and Reliability
- Chapter 5 Human Mechanics
2 Human factors engineering books 2
- Book information
- Title: Human Factors Engineering
- Book Number: 2333700
- Publisher: China Science and Technology Press
- Pricing: 36.0
- ISBN: 750463798
- Author: Sun Yan Lin
- Publication date: 2005-01-17
- Edition:
- Folio: 16
- Introduction:
- table of Contents
- Foreword
- Chapter 1 Overview of Human Factors Engineering
- Section 1 Subject Overview
- Section II Basic Principles and Research Methods
- Section 3 Relationship between Human Factors Engineering and Other Disciplines and Its System
- Section 4 Human Factors Research Methods
- Thinking and Practicing 1
- Chapter II Human Physiological Characteristics
- The first section of the nervous system and feeling
- Section 2 Human Motion System
- Third energy-saving metabolism
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory System
- Section 5 Human Endurance
- Thinking and Practicing 2
- Chapter III Anthropometrics and Applications
- Section 1 Anthropometric
- Section 2 Static Measurement and Dynamic Measurement
- Section 3 Use of Anthropometric Data
- Thinking and Practicing 3
- Chapter 4 Cognition and Performance
- Section 1 Cognitive Psychology and Human Information Processing Model
- Section 2 Reception and Transmission of Information
- Section III Memory and Learning
- Section 4 Thinking and Decision
- Section 5 Human Information Output
- Section 6 Attention and Continuous Vigilance
- Human Reliability and Human Errors
- Section 8 Group Cognition and Group Decision
- Thinking and Practicing 4
- Chapter 5 Cumulative Injury Diseases and Tool Design
- Section I Cumulative injury diseases and their causes
- Physiological and Physical Principles of Cumulative Damage
- Cumulative injury of upper limbs
- Section 4 Cumulative Injury Diseases of Neck and Waist
- Section 5 Prevention of Cumulative Injury Diseases and Tool Design
- Thinking and Practicing 5
- Chapter 6 Display and Controller Design
- Section 1 Ergonomic requirements for visual display design
- Ergonomic requirements for auditory display design
- Section 3 Ergonomic Requirements for Controller Design
- Section 4 Display and Control Combination Design
- Thinking and Practicing 6
- Chapter VII Computer Interface Design
- Section I Overview
- The second section of the hardware man-machine interface
- Section III Software Interface Design
- Section 4 Introduction to Understanding Design
- Thinking and Practicing 7
- Chapter VIII Job Space Design
- Section I Overview of Workspace Design
- Visual Requirements for Workspace Design
- Section III Design of Work Space
- Section 4 Seat Design
- Section 5 Evaluation of Work Space Design
- Thinking and Practicing 8
- Chapter IX Work Research
- Section I Productivity, Methods and Standards
- Overview of Work Research
- Methodology Research
- Section 4 Work Determination
- Thinking and Practicing 9
- Chapter X Human-Machine System Design and Evaluation
- Section I-Overview of Machine System
- The second section of human-machine system design
- Section III Human-Machine System Comprehensive Evaluation Target System
- Section 4 Human-Machine System Analysis and Evaluation Methods
- Section 5 Human-Machine System Error Analysis
- Section 6 Human-Computer Interaction System Design and Usability Evaluation
- Thinking and Practicing 10
- Chapter XI Operating Environment and Its Impact on Work Efficiency
- The first section temperature
- Section II Lighting
- Section III Noise
- Fourth quarter sports
- references
3 Human Factors Books 3
- Book information:
- Title: Flying Human Factors
- Author: Wang Yue Chen Lihua Li Yongping Chen Xin [1]
- Publisher: Tsinghua University Press
- ISBN: 9787302290704
Binding: paperback printing date: 2012-7-20
- Book Introduction:
- This book mainly introduces the most important factors in the flight process-human factors, that is, the various factors related to the pilot, including the analysis of human factors in flight accidents, the visual and respiratory system of pilots in flight, pilot alcohol and drugs Misuse, aircraft cabin environment and crew resource management, development of flight skills, flight space orientation, flight stress management, and pilot psychological selection, etc., enable pilots to master the relationship between their own factors and flight safety during the flight .
This book is not only suitable for flight technology students, but also can be used by aviation companies and related personnel as training materials.
- table of Contents
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Definition
- 1.2 Research objectives and significance
- 1.3 Nature and scope of the study
- 1.4 Development History
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- Feasibility suggestions for reading materials to address human factors in flight safety
- Chapter 2 Flight Accidents and Human Factors
- 2.1 Flight accident
- 2.1.1 Definition of flight accident
- 2.1.2 Investigation methods of flight accidents
- 2.1.3 Impact of Flight Accidents
- 2.2 Flight safety
- 2.2.1 International aviation safety situation
- 2.2.2 Domestic aviation security situation
- 2.2.3 China Civil Aviation Safety Outlook in the Next Decade
- 2.3 Causes and classification of flight accidents
- 2.4 Human errors in flight accidents
- 2.4.1 Human error analysis
- 2.4.2 Human error prevention
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- Readings contain six "blockade lines" for crew error
- Chapter 3 Vision in Flight
- 3.1 Eye structure
- 3.1.1 The composition of the eye
- 3.1.2 Stratification of the eyeball wall
- 3.1.3 Eye cavity and contents
- 3.1.4 Eyeball bedroom-eye attachment
- 3.2 Eye Functions
- 3.2.1 Formation of vision
- 3.2.2 Development of vision
- 3.2.3 The role of blinking
- 3.2.4 The Protector of the Eyes-The Eyebrow
- 3.2.5 Detergent for the Eyes-Function of Tears
- 3.3 Night vision
- 3.4 Optical illusion and preventive measures
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- Reading material illusion-the enemy of flight safety
- Chapter 4 Respiratory System
- 4.1 Overview of the respiratory system
- 4.1.1 Overall structure and function
- 4.1.2 Basic concepts of breathing
- 4.1.3 Regulation of Respiration
- 4.1.4 Other functions of the respiratory system
- 4.2 High Altitude Hypoxia
- 4.2.1 Classification and significance of high altitude hypoxia
- 4.2.2 Acute Altitude Hypoxia
- 4.2.3 Hyperventilation
- 4.2.4 Outbreak of high altitude hypoxia
- 4.3 Atmospheric pressure effect
- 4.3.1 Middle ear barotrauma
- 4.3.2 Flatulence
- 4.3.3 Altitude decompression sickness
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- A case of severe accidents caused by acute high altitude hypoxia in pilots
- Chapter 5 Alcohol and Drug Abuse
- 5.1 Brief history of drug use
- 5.2 Alcohol and drug dependence
- 5.3 Sedatives
- 5.4 Doping
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- Reading material Effects of drinking on flight
- Chapter 6 Aircraft Cockpit Environment and Crew Resource Management
- 6.1 Control of cabin environment
- 6.1.1 Human factors design of the cockpit
- 6.1.2 Cockpit oxygen control
- 6.1.3 Cockpit temperature control
- 6.1.4 Cabin Humidity Control
- 6.1.5 Cockpit pressure control
- 6.2 Cockpit crew resource management
- 6.2.1 Communication of crew members
- 6.2.2 Leadership Art of the Cockpit
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- Reading material
- Chapter 7 Flight Space Orientation and Flight Illusion
- 7.1 Flight Space Orientation
- 7.1.1 Definition and characteristics of flight space orientation
- 7.1.2 Oriented sensory organs in flight
- 7.1.3 Classification of flight space orientation
- 7.2 Flight illusion
- 7.2.1 Definition of the illusion of flight
- 7.2.2 Characteristics of the illusion of flight
- 7.2.3 Classification and manifestation of flying illusion
- 7.2.4 Causes and preventive measures of flight illusion
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- Reading material Jun Han clarifies rumors of fighter jets crashing: flight illusion leads to
- Chapter 8 Flight Stress and Stress Management
- 8.1 Stress Overview
- 8.1.1 Definition of Stress
- 8.1.2 Stressors and Types of Stress
- 8.1.3 Stages of Stress Response
- 8.1.4 Impact of stress on pilot performance
- 8.2 Common stressors and stress in flight
- 8.2.1 Environmental or physiological stressors
- 8.2.2 Psychological or emotional stressors
- 8.3 Flight Stress Management
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- Reading materials for several pilot stress events
- Chapter 9 Cultivation of Flying Skills
- 9.1 Flying skills
- 9.2 Judgment and decision of flight personnel
- 9.2.1 Pilot judgment and decision-making process
- 9.2.2 Factors Affecting Flight Decisions
- 9.2.3 Ways to Improve Judgment
- 9.3 Cultivation methods and influencing factors
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- Reading Materials How Pilots "Made"-A History of Nine-Step Climbing
- Chapter 10 Psychological Selection of Pilots
- 10.1 Development and status of pilot psychological selection
- 10.1.1 Development of Psychological Selection of Foreign Pilots
- 10.1.2 Development Trend of Psychological Selection of Foreign Pilots
- 10.1.3 Status of Psychological Selection of Civil Aviation Pilots in China
- 10.2 Methods of pilot psychological selection
- 10.2.1 Psychological Quality Requirements of Flying Profession
- 10.2.2 Principles of pilot psychological selection
- 10.2.3 Process of pilot psychological selection
- 10.2.4 Contents of pilot psychological selection test
- 10.2.5 Methods of pilot psychological selection
- 10.3 Quality Evaluation and Standards for Pilot Psychological Selection
- 10.3.1 Evaluation indicators of pilot psychological selection quality
- 10.3.2 Evaluation criteria and predictability of pilot psychological selection
- 10.4 Organizational Implementation and Psychological Evaluation of Psychological Selection
- 10.4.1 Characteristics of psychological selection of civil aviation pilots
- 10.4.2 General procedure for pilot psychological selection
- chapter summary
- Review and thinking
- Reading material
- Material 1: The colleges and universities directly linked to future careers
- Material II: One of the most rigorous medical examinations in China
- references