What is Pioneer 11?

Pioneer 11 is the second space probe to study Jupiter and the outer solar system. It was also the first probe to study Saturn and its rings. Unlike Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) not only visited Jupiter. It also used Jupiter's powerful gravity to change its orbit to Saturn. As it approaches Saturn, it follows its escape orbit and leaves the solar system.

Pioneer 11

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Pioneer 11 is the second space probe to study Jupiter and the outer solar system. It was also the first probe to study Saturn and its rings. Unlike Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) not only visited Jupiter. It also used Jupiter's powerful gravity to change its orbit to Saturn. As it approaches Saturn, it follows its escape orbit and leaves the solar system.

Chinese name

Pioneer 11

Foreign name

Pioneer 11

Types of

Space probe

Launch time

April 6, 1973

The detector was located on April 6, 1973,

The detector is also equipped with three sensors: a stellar (senior star) sensor and two solar sensors, which are used as a backup to calculate the position of the detector according to the position relative to the earth and the sun, and the position of the senile star. . Pioneer 11's stellar sensor and starting point settings were re-modified based on Pioneer 10's experience. Three pairs of rocket thrusters on the detector are responsible for controlling the rotating shaft (4.8 rpm) and providing power to the probe. All three pairs of rocket thrusters can continue to light, or suspend the light as required.

The instrument on the probe is responsible for studying the interstellar and planetary magnetic field solar wind, cosmic rays, the transition zone of the solar circle, a large amount of neutral hydrogen; the distribution, size, mass, flux and velocity of stardust particles; planets of the outer solar system Aurora, radio waves, the atmosphere of its moons; and the surfaces of Jupiter and Saturn and their moons.

The above research mainly consists of a magnetometer on the detector, a plasma analyzer (for solar wind only), a particle sensor, an ion sensor, and a non-image that can overlap different viewpoints to detect sunlight refracted by passing meteorites. A telescope, some sealed and pressurized argon and nitrogen are used to calculate the penetration of meteorites, an ultraviolet light meter, an infrared light meter, and an image polarimeter for taking photos and calculating light polarization, and so on. As for the further data, it is calculated from the phenomena of celestial mechanics and occultation.

The probe was closest to Jupiter on December 4, 1974.

The probe was closest to Saturn on September 1, 1979,

According to the analysis of the radio tracking data transmitted by Pioneer No. 10 and No. 11, when the detector is at a distance of 20 to 70 astronomical units from the sun, some slightly abnormal Doppler frequency drift occurs in its signal. This drift makes the detector decelerate continuously with an acceleration of 8.74 ± 1.33) × 1010m / s2. In other words, there was an external force that forced the pioneer to slow down the detection ship. Scientists have commented on this phenomenon. Some people have pointed out that this phenomenon is caused by many factors, but others have pointed out that this may be a physical law that people have not yet discovered.

When the researchers conducted the anomaly analysis of Pioneer for the first time, although they used the observation records of Pioneer 11 for nearly 4 years, they only corresponded to the data of Pioneer 10 for nearly 11 and a half years. After the planetary association s search for a poor pursuit, Tulushev and his team regained complete remote sensing records of the two Pioneer spacecraft, including data from Pioneer 10 for nearly 30 years and Pioneer 11 for nearly 20 years. The data. At that time, they were 20-70AU from the sun. AU is the distance from the sun to the earth, about 150 million kilometers.

Most of the data was deadly recorded on nearly 40 tapes that were kept deep in the Jet Lab. In short, there are nearly 40 G's Pioneer No. 10 and No. 11 mission data, which is equivalent to half an hour of high-definition TV programs. They converted the data from tape into a modern digital model and projected it to restore the old-fashioned appearance of the spacecraft and other damaged materials. For researchers of the Vanguard anomaly analysis, this work is time-consuming and may be futile. However, Tulushev still believes that once this information is used for analysis, this anomaly will reveal new secrets.

Tulushev also insisted on watching the operation of NASA's New Horizons Detector, which may one day appear to be this anomalous phenomenon, but if the mysterious force is found to be a real effect, we need not make a fuss. "The only thing we can do now is restore this new data," said Tulushev. "Let this data be analyzed before we talk about it."

Scientists say the same phenomenon has also occurred on the Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft. Galileo was launched in 1989 to study Jupiter. It reached Jupiter on December 7, 1995. After successfully completing its flight, it was sent to a deliberately destroyed orbit of Jupiter on September 21, 2003. Ulysses was launched in October 1990 and reached Jupiter in February 1992. Later, it successfully studied Jupiter, comets, and other celestial bodies. This mission has been postponed to 2008.