What Are the Different Types of Teacher Tenure?

The teacher appointment system refers to a teacher appointment system in which both the school and the teacher confirm the position of the teacher and the relationship between the rights and obligations of the teacher by signing an employment contract on the basis of equality and voluntariness. This is a new type of employment system arising from the needs of the development of the socialist market economy and education reform. It is also a universal practice in the world. It is conducive to promoting the rational flow of talents and breaking the life-long appointment system of teachers to ensure the quality of education. improve.

Teacher appointment system

This entry lacks an overview map . Supplementing related content makes the entry more complete and can be upgraded quickly. Come on!

Teacher appointment system refers to

Teacher appointment system can be divided into the following forms according to the implementation behavior of the employment subject:

Recruitment. That is, the employer is open to the society and selects candidates with teacher qualifications;

Renew. That is, after the expiration of the employment period, the hiring unit and the teacher continue to sign an employment contract;

Dismissal. That is, the employer is not suitable to continue hiring teachers for some reason, and the two parties terminate the contract relationship;

Resign. That is, the hired teacher actively requested the employer to terminate the employment contract.

Since the emergence of human education activities based on the text, the original roles of teachers were elders and officials in China, wise men and philosophers in Greece, and monks and elders in temples in ancient countries such as Egypt, India, and Babylon. . Their teacher role is often determined by their identity. In the Middle Ages, churches and private tutors in Europe were often priests, while in China teachers were intellectuals with hopeless or interrupted careers. Opening and receiving students was a process that did not require any official identification. There must be a formal appointment. After the emergence of public schools in the modern sense, the demand for the number of teachers has increased dramatically, which not only promotes the systematic development of teacher education, but also makes education management departments and schools have to face what kind of teachers to choose, how to choose teachers and establish The question of what kind of contract relationship. In some European countries, teachers are regarded as national public officials. In the United States, along with the practice of teacher professional standards and qualifications, it is borrowed from other industries to adopt an employment contract system and establish a legally protected employment relationship with teachers. This approach has since gradually become a common practice in the school system.

At first, teachers were not a respected profession. During the American colonial period and even after a long period of independence, teachers were often held by older women or clergy. Among them, parish schools directly appointed pastors as teachers. With the expansion of the public school movement from the northeast to the U.S. states, the number of schools and the number of children enrolled in each state have gradually increased. Teacher schools that specialize in training teachers have also begun to appear. Each state has successively created office normal schools to meet the needs of public schools for teachers. While teacher professional organizations in various states began to learn from doctors, lawyers and other industries to implement the teacher qualification certificate system, public school school districts have also borrowed from other industries and gradually recruited graduates of teachers' schools through hiring. This has gradually formed a more systematic teacher appointment system.

Teacher employment actually reflects a kind of employment relationship between teachers as individuals and the social institution of school. Within its scope of authority, schools can decide on the employment and dismissal of teachers, assign tasks to teachers, and supervise and evaluate teachers 'work; teachers enjoy the right to freedom of education and the rights that citizens should enjoy during the term of employment. For acts that violate school teachers' rights, teachers Appeals can be filed according to law. This employment relationship largely reflects the period of the 19th-century development of capitalist industrial production in the United States. The structuralization of social organizations gradually penetrated from the industrial field to the social field. Workers, teachers, and national public officials are employed by enterprises, factories, governments, schools, and various social organizations, and an employment relationship is established through the form of contracts, so that each can take what he needs to jointly produce industrial, social products, and At the same time as creating social wealth, by constructing a labor contract relationship protected by law, the social distribution of labor results and wealth is carried out.

Because teachers are different from workers, engineers, and other professions, the public welfare and publicity of their work determines that while establishing a labor contract relationship with schools, they also form a partnership with the government, which is the main responsible party for public services. Kind of contractual relationship. Therefore, for the identity of teachers, in the United States, teachers in elementary and secondary schools are generally called public employees, and have both characteristics of civil servants and employees. On the one hand, teachers and local education authorities sign an employment contract, agreeing on the term of office and the rights and obligations of both parties. There is a contractual relationship between the two; on the other hand, teachers are mainly appointed by local governments and enjoy certain privileges of civil servants. Local governments are administratively affiliated. Therefore, the law applicable to civil servants also applies to teachers, and teachers enjoy and fulfill various rights and obligations stipulated in the contract based on the employment contract relationship with public schools. Its core characteristics are "the government is the main body and the market is oriented": openly hiring qualified teachers based on the labor market; implementing a contract appointment system based on the employment contract relationship; the contract clarifies the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the two parties and agrees on the appointment period; Based on the special status of a public employee, the right of employment can be signed for a lifetime employment contract with the local education authority instead of primary and secondary schools. (Jun Junguo, 2004)

Of course, different countries have different regulations on the status of teachers. From a global perspective, there are roughly three types of civil servants, employees, civil servants and employees. Some countries, such as France and Japan, have established public school teachers as national civil servants, appointed by the government, and enjoyed various civil service rights stipulated by the state. In addition, based on the status of educator, they also enjoy special rights such as the right to teacher meetings and freedom of education. At the same time, they must fulfill their obligations corresponding to the status of civil servants. Almost all teachers in private schools in the world are employees. There are also public school teachers in some countries who are public employees. For example, part-time teachers in German public schools and some full-time teachers who have not yet met the conditions for appointment of civil servants are public employee teachers. Although they do not enjoy some of the rights unique to civil servants and teachers, such as the right to hear, appeal, and administrative litigation, they are not free to terminate the contract. (Zou Qi, 2004)

As far as the current concept of teacher appointment system is concerned, it mainly refers to an appointment method in which the employer determines the relationship with the personnel through a contract, also known as the employment contract system, as opposed to the appointment system. The general practice is that the employer adopts the method of recruitment or competition. After the qualification review and comprehensive evaluation, the employer signs a letter of appointment with the appointed candidate to clarify the rights and obligations of the two parties and the responsibilities, treatment and appointment period of the hired personnel. Many occupational fields employ an appointment system, which establishes a contract or contractual relationship with those employed to confirm the respective responsibilities, rights, and obligations of the employer and the employed being protected by law.

Therefore, the teacher appointment system can be defined as follows: The teacher appointment system refers to the system in which relevant units set up jobs according to the needs of education and teaching, accept and review applicants' applications in accordance with certain procedures, and hire applicants with teacher qualifications to serve as teachers. As far as the main body of employment is concerned, it can be a school, an education administrative department, or an enterprise hosting a school. According to regulations, to establish a teacher appointment system, professional and technical jobs should be designed according to actual needs, with clear responsibilities and reasonable conditions of appointment; on the basis of determining the number of staff, determine the reasonable proportion of high, middle and junior professional and technical positions; Leaders are employed by professional and technical personnel who have been assessed by the assessment committee and meet the relevant conditions. They have a certain term of office and receive professional and technical salary during the term. (Li Kefeng, Jin Yang, 2001)

Generally speaking, the teacher appointment system is mainly composed of four interconnected processes and related regulations. (1) Recruitment. That is, the employer is open to the society and selects candidates with teacher qualifications. Generally, after the approval of the personnel exchange department, the employer shall put forward the requirements, responsibilities and salary of the required personnel in the form of advertisements or enlightenments, and review and evaluate the applicants. If they meet the requirements, they will be hired. Recruitment and hired parties sign an employment contract to clarify the rights, obligations and responsibilities of both parties. Once the employment contract is established, it has legal effect. Recruitment forms have the advantages of being open, direct and highly transparent. (2) Renewal. That is, after the term of employment expires, the employing unit and the teacher continue to sign an employment contract. Usually, the two parties cooperate happily during the appointment, the hiring unit is satisfied with the job of the teacher, the teacher is satisfied with their work status and remuneration, and the two parties voluntarily renew the employment contract. Once the letter of appointment is signed, it has legal effect. The content of the renewal contract can be the same as that of the previous appointment, or it can be changed according to actual needs. (3) Dismissal. That is, the employer is not suitable to continue hiring teachers for some reason, and the two parties terminate the contract relationship. The reason may be that the employer finds that the hired person does not meet the original employment conditions after the appointment, or the hired person is incompetent or violates relevant regulations and is no longer suitable for continued employment. The employment contract has legal effect, and the employer must have a valid reason when dismissing the teacher, otherwise it shall bear the corresponding legal responsibility. (4) Resignation. That is, the behavior of the hired teacher requesting the employer to terminate the employment contract. Correctly distinguish the reasons for resignation. If for some reason the teacher cannot continue to perform the employment contract and causes losses to the employer, he shall bear the corresponding legal liabilities in accordance with the contract.

1. advantages

First, the advantage of the teacher appointment system is that it can improve teachers' sense of responsibility and eliminate mediocre talents who do not have the ability to teach. Second, we can make full use of social human resources and reduce waste of human resources. Third, break the traditional teacher appointment system and promote the dissemination of teaching experience in various regions. Fourth, increase employment.

2. Disadvantages

The disadvantage of the teacher appointment system is that due to the current inadequate assessment standards, especially in junior and senior high schools, the entrance rate is often used as the standard, which increases the burden on students and adversely affects quality education.