What Is the Difference Between Skills and Qualifications?
Vocational qualifications are the basic requirements for the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for a certain profession. Vocational qualifications include qualifications for practice and practice. Employment qualification refers to the starting standard of knowledge, technology and ability to engage in a certain profession (type of work). Practice qualification refers to the government's implementation of admission control to certain majors (types of work) with greater responsibilities, strong social versatility, and related to the public interest. It is necessary to independently start a business or engage in the knowledge, technology, and capabilities of a particular profession (type of work). Equipment standard. Vocational qualifications are evaluated by the labor and personnel administration departments of the State Council through academic qualifications, qualification examinations, expert assessments, and professional skills appraisals, and those who pass the qualifications are granted national professional qualification certificates. Qualifications are obtained through academic qualifications or examinations. Practice qualifications are obtained through examination methods.
Professional Qualification
Vocational qualifications include qualifications for practice and practice.
In 2016, the State Council issued the "Decision on Cancellation of a Batch of Vocational Qualification Licensing and Accreditation Issues" and announced again the cancellation of 61 vocational qualification licensing and accreditation issues. At this point, the vocational qualification centralized cleanup work has basically been completed.
Since the establishment of the new government, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security has, in accordance with the State Council's deployment, led the work to reduce vocational qualification permits and recognition. Since 2014, the State Council has been reported to cancel 272 vocational qualifications in five batches, a total reduction of 44%, exceeding the target set by the current government to reduce 1/3 vocational qualifications. This marks the basic completion of the centralized cleanup work, and the preliminary realization of the entry-level vocational qualifications set by the State Council departments without the laws and regulations and the decision of the State Council as the basis. The professional qualifications for evaluation are basically cancelled. [3]
The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security is responsible for the qualification evaluation and certificate issuance and management of professional and technical personnel.
Professional qualifications of professional and technical personnel are the basic requirements for the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to engage in a certain profession. Some professional and technical personnel need to obtain professional and technical qualifications for appraisal and title. Professional titles are divided into junior titles (member level, assistant level), intermediate titles, senior titles (deputy senior, positive senior).
The division of responsibilities
Vocational qualifications are evaluated by the labor and personnel administration departments of the State Council through academic qualifications, qualification examinations, expert assessments, and professional skills appraisals, and those who pass the qualifications are granted national professional qualification certificates.
The professional qualification certificate is the state's recognition of the applicant's professional (type of work) knowledge, skills, and abilities, and is the main basis for job application, employment, independent practice, and unit recruitment.
Vocational skills appraisal
The Ministry of Labor is responsible for the issuance and management of professional qualifications and certificates based on skills (the name and type of the certificate shall be implemented in accordance with current regulations).
Carry out professional skills appraisal and promote
Professional qualification is the starting standard for the knowledge, skills, and abilities of professional and technical personnel to be engaged in certain professional and technical work by the government.
Professional qualification is the government's access control to certain professional and technical work that has greater responsibilities, has strong social versatility, and has a public interest. It is a professional and technical person who independently opens a business or independently engages in a certain technical work knowledge, technology, and ability. Required standards.
According to the person in charge of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, admission qualifications that are not based on laws and regulations will be cancelled; admission qualifications that are based on laws and regulations are not closely related to national security, public safety, and people's life and property safety, or If it is not appropriate for them to adopt the management of professional qualifications, the proposal will be submitted in accordance with the procedures to amend the laws and regulations and then cancelled. [8]
"China Youth Daily" reported that in November 2014, the State Council cancelled 11 vocational qualification licenses and certifications, including real estate agents and registered tax accountants. In 1994, the vocational qualification certificate system was included in the labor law as a system for scientific evaluation of talents. Since then, various vocational qualification certificates have emerged as the times require, and various training fevers and certification fevers have been spawned.
Vocational qualifications are originally an external proof of professional ability; however, because of the randomness of professional qualifications, the proliferation of professional qualifications, and the formalization of the certification fever, the significance of professional qualifications is also being losteven if you have With more qualification certificates, it is difficult to prove yourself, it is difficult to be trusted by employers, and it is difficult to find suitable jobs. Of course, it does not necessarily mean that you have the corresponding professional ability. At this time, the professional qualification certificate gives a sense of tastelessness-although it is not very useful, but it is necessary to get a job, and it will increase. If you do not have a professional qualification certificate, it will not work. As a result, the vocational qualification examination has been very hot and is in a blind examination fever.
Regulating professional qualification permits and certificates, it can gradually strip off the additional benefits of professional qualification examinations, making professional qualification examinations a little more pure. When vocational qualification examinations flooded and became a kind of examination economy, many vocational qualification certificates were nothing more than profit-making props made by some departments, industries, and associations. They had no practical significance or value at all. However, for the sake of their own interests, various departments, industries, and associations are still keen to continuously set up more qualification certificates and promote them to the important level necessary for employment. In fact, this kind of vocational qualification permit and vocational certificate is completely a rent-seeking and cashing of its own resources. In addition to making these departments, industries and associations profitably, it can only increase the burden of candidates and practitioners.
Therefore, another benefit of standardizing professional qualifications is that it can also reduce the pressure on those candidates who blindly pass the examination, allowing them to focus their energy and time on professional studies instead of obtaining certificates. Looking at it from another angle, standardizing professional qualifications is not only a decompression, it is also a kind of pressure-without a professional certificate that directly proves qualifications, how can professional ability be reflected and cultivated? This requires a process of landing higher education. On the one hand, the scale of higher vocational education in higher education should be expanded. On the other hand, the weight and importance of vocational ability development in higher education must be emphasized. Some universities need to transform themselves, and education concepts need to change in time. [9]
Mainland Cancels 67 Items of Vocational Qualification Licensing and Recognition
On November 24, 2014, the State Council issued the "Decision on Cancelling and Adjusting a Group of Administrative Examination and Approval Items", canceling and delegating 58 administrative approval items, canceling 67 vocational qualification permits and accreditations, and canceling 19 awards for achieving the awards. The project adjusted or clarified 82 items of pre-approval for industrial and commercial registration as post-approval.
It is also proposed to cancel and delegate 32 items of administrative examination and approval of professional qualifications established in accordance with relevant laws, and change 7 items of pre-approval for industrial and commercial registration established in accordance with relevant laws to post-approval. The State Council will submit to the NPC Standing Committee in accordance with legal procedures. Relevant legal provisions will be revised.
Among the cancellation and decentralization of administrative examination and approval matters, there were 42 directly cancelled matters, accounting for 72%. Including commercial banks to undertake book-entry treasury bond counter transaction approvals, loan card issuance approvals, individuals carrying gold and their products into and out of China, securities company financing and securities lending business monitoring rules, approvals, establishment of bonded factories, cross-region power grid transmission and distribution price reviews, etc.
The signal that the cancellation and decentralization is intended to reduce the investment and financing costs of enterprises and reduce the burden on enterprises is also very obvious. Among them, 45 are investment and enterprise management, accounting for 78%; 12 are financial, accounting for 21%.
Among the vocational licenses and accreditations cancelled this time, there are 26 professional qualifications for professional and technical personnel, including 14 entry categories and 12 level assessment categories, involving securities, insurance, land valuation, highway and water transportation, and financial management. Professional fields; there are 41 professional qualifications for skilled personnel, including 1 entry category and 40 level assessment categories, involving civil aviation, food, agriculture and other fields.
Among the cancelled and commendable projects this time, there are 5 categories for evaluation, 1 category for compliance, and 13 categories for commendation, involving national work, transportation, culture, industry and commerce, forestry, intellectual property, foreign exchange and other fields.
This time, 82 projects changed from pre-approval for industrial and commercial registration to post-approval, accounting for 47% of the total number of existing pre-approval for industrial and commercial registration, involving 33 departments of the State Council and provincial, municipal, and county governments. Involved in a variety of fields, including food production, distribution and catering service licenses, motor vehicle repair and driver training service licenses, approval of wholesale and retail oil refined oil business qualifications, engaging in wholesale and retail licensing of publications and other projects. [10]
The state once again canceled 47 vocational qualifications and standardized the assessment of vocational qualifications
According to the Xinhua News Agency, Premier Li Keqiang hosted an executive meeting of the State Council on June 1, 2016 to deploy and strengthen the protection of children in distress, and to provide more care and help for their growth; determine measures to improve the management of funds for scientific research projects in the central government, and inspire more Scientific research personnel create innovation and vitality; it is decided to cancel a batch of vocational qualification licenses and recognition matters, and continue to lower the threshold for employment and entrepreneurship.
The meeting pointed out that the cancellation of unnecessary vocational qualification permits and recognition matters is an important measure to reduce institutional transaction costs and promote supply-side structural reforms, and also to create convenient conditions for graduates and technical secondary school graduates in employment and entrepreneurship, and personnel transfer in de-capacity. Based on five batches of cancellations of 272 vocational qualification licenses and accreditations in the past two years, the meeting decided to cancel 47 vocational qualifications such as tenderer, property manager, market manager, and flower arranger. So far, the total number of vocational qualifications set by each department has been reduced by more than 50% compared with the beginning of the current government. In the next step, while continuing to cancel professional qualifications, a list of national vocational qualification catalogs shall be announced and implemented. No professional qualifications shall be permitted or recognized outside the list, and no listed in the list shall be linked to employment and entrepreneurship.
On November 25, 2016, Tang Tao, deputy minister of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, said that after the completion of the disqualification of vocational qualifications, measures will be taken to strengthen training, increase job management, and reduce the burden of talents to ensure that the quality of personnel's professional ability is not high reduce. [11]
Li Keqiang talks about cleaning up professional qualifications again: the government must control the "unable hand"
"In the future, all regions and departments will not be allowed to set national vocational qualifications outside the list without approval!" Premier Li Keqiang explicitly requested at the executive meeting of the State Council on May 24, 2017.
On the day of the meeting, it was decided to publish the national vocational qualifications catalogue, implement list management, and reduce a batch of vocational qualifications by canceling, merging, etc., and include the remaining vocational qualifications in the catalogue.
"In particular, we must resolutely prevent the revival of the revoked professional qualifications!" Li Keqiang emphasized, "we must seriously investigate and punish those who violate laws and regulations, and the government must control the" idle "!" [12]
