What Are Butterfly Options?

Butterflies, commonly known as "butterfly, are collective names for arthropods, insects, lepidoptera, and hammerhorns. There are about 14,000 species in the world, most of which are distributed in the Americas, especially in the Amazon basin. China has 1200 species. Butterflies are generally bright, with many stripes on the body and richer colors. There are various flower spots on the wings and body. The main difference is that the butterfly head has a pair of rod-shaped or hammer-shaped antennae, and the moth's antennae have various shapes.

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Butterflies, commonly known as "butterfly, are collective names for arthropods, insects, lepidoptera, and hammerhorns. There are about 14,000 species in the world, most of which are distributed in the Americas, especially in the Amazon basin. China has 1200 species. Butterflies are generally bright, with many stripes on the body and richer colors. There are various flower spots on the wings and body. The main difference is that the butterfly head has a pair of rod-shaped or hammer-shaped antennae, and the moth's antennae have various shapes.

The most beautiful butterfly

The wide-stripe black-veined butterfly looks like a dream.

Different uses of butterfly wingsMore

The colorful patterns on the butterfly wings are amazing, but their colorful wings are not only for the sake of feasting, but also for hiding, camouflaging, and attracting spouses.

How to distinguish butterflies from mothsMore

There are many kinds of butterflies, among which there are faint-colored species, and moths also have colorful species, so the two are often confused. What is the difference between butterflies and moths?

Related entries:

Blue moth butterfly

The above content comes from the Encyclopedia Campus Task Force

Chinese scientific name

butterfly

Latin scientific name

Rhopalocera

nickname

Butterfly, butterfly, butterfly, butterfly

boundary

animal world

door

Arthropoda

Asia Gate

Hexapodum

Tsuna

Insecta

Subclass

Winged subclass

Head

Lepidoptera

Asia

Hammeria

distribution area

Americas, Amazon Basin, Asia, China

English name

butterfly

Species

Pieris, Vanessa, Papilio, etc.

French name

Le Papillon

History of butterflies

butterfly

butterfly

Classified as Lepidoptera, tens of thousands of species in the world fall into this category. Since the Cretaceous, the butterfly evolved and pollinated as a food-bearing flowering plant. It is the last type of organism in the evolution of insects. ^[1]

Origin of English Name

Why butterflies are called butterflies

The word butterfly comes from Old English buterfleoge, and is composed of butere (butter) plus fleoge (flying creature).

There is a long-standing saying, because butterflies like to steal cream and milk, people call it an elf with colored wings and like to steal cream, so it is called butterfly. The above legend is also reflected in one of the German names of the butterfly, michdieb, which is the English equivalent of milk-thief.

Another explanation is that butterfly refers to the color of butterflies; fly originally refers to flying insects, and the word butterfly may first refer to a sulfur-colored species that appeared after the winter in southern Europe ( White butterfly (closer to cream when closed). The male butterfly's front wing has a clear yellow color, and it brings a warm light when flying, which is called butter-colored fly. The word gradually evolved into butterfly and was used to refer to all kinds of butterflies.

The most beautiful butterfly species

88 vortex butterfly (scientific name: Eighty-eight butterfly) A species belonging to the family Papilioidae, distributed in South America, with more than 40 species. It is named after the "8" pattern on the lower wings. Was selected as one of the "eight most beautiful butterflies in the world".
Red sleeved butterfly (scientific name: Heliconius melpomene) A species belonging to the family Papilioidae. The world-famous "poisonous" butterfly, mainly distributed in Brazil, has been known for millions of years. In 1999, the Brazilian postman butterfly was exhibited in Kunming, China, and was recognized and loved by Chinese audiences. Because the color of his body surface is very similar to the color of the Portuguese postman uniform at that time, he was named the postman butterfly.
Owl Ring Butterfly (Scientific name: Caligo eurilochus) Also known as the Owl Butterfly, named after the large and simulated eye spots on the hind wings. A species belonging to the genus Owl ring butterfly, is a tropical rainforest butterfly with a large size. Since the host plant of this butterfly larva is a bamboo or Bromeliad, it is considered a pest. This butterfly is valued by butterfly collectors.
Dead leaf butterfly (Scientific name: KALLIAMINACHUS Boisduval) It belongs to the family Lepidoptera Nymphalidae, which is a world famous mimicry species, a typical example of natural camouflage. Dead leaf nymph butterfly front wing apical angle and hind wing hip angle extending forward and backward, showing petiole and leaf tip shape, wing brown or purple brown, with navy blue luster, a dark yellow wide diagonal band in the middle of the wing, white spots on both sides The wing sub-edges each have a dark wave line. The reverse side of the wing is a dead leaf color. At rest, there is a dark brown horizontal line from the apical angle of the front wing to the hip angle of the hind wing, plus a few oblique lines, just like leaf veins. There are mixed gray-brown spots in the wings, much like disease spots on the leaves. When the wings are resting together on a tree branch, it is difficult to distinguish it from the dead leaves of a broad-leaved tree that is about to wither.
Multi-tailed moth (scientific name: Urania ripheus) A species belonging to the family Toxocidae, this butterfly is highly toxic; the more beautiful it is, the more poisonous it is. Often considered to be the most spectacular species of all moths, the color was popular in the Victorian era. At that time, people used this moth's wings to make jewelry. The larvae were yellow and black, and they had long hairs with rod-shaped ends. Leaves. Poisonous food and bright colors indicate harmful to birds and animals.
Broad-striped black-veined butterfly (Scientific name: Greta oto) Also known as glasswing butterfly, a species belonging to the Nymphalidae family, is a tropical butterfly. In captivity, the life of the broad-streaked black-winged butterfly can reach at least 6 weeks if it is well taken care of. The wingspan is between 5.6 cm and 6.1 cm. The body color is dim and the edges of the wings are not transparent. There are three main colors: red, orange and dark brown. Transparent wings provide an effective camouflage. Their wings are transparent and are an effective defense mechanism. During flight, it is difficult for predators to find the wide-striped black-veined butterfly, and the maximum flight speed can reach 13 kilometers per hour. The butterfly can withstand 40 times its own weight.
Old panther butterfly (scientific name: Argyronome laodice) Nymphalidae family of leopard butterfly. Most of the evolutionary motivations of butterflies are to hide themselves and avoid attacks. However, sometimes they also need to express themselves and make themselves the focus of attention. In the mating season, butterflies will attract the opposite sex by showing themselves. The old panther butterfly has the characteristics of dimorphism.
Morpho menelaus (scientific name: Morpho menelaus) Also known as the Blue Moor Butterfly, the largest species in the genus Nymphalidae, is a tropical butterfly. The family name comes from the Greek word "Morph", which is the name of the beautiful god Venus, meaning beautiful and beautiful. The blue wings are gorgeous, about 15 cm long. The upper surface of the adult female butterfly is blue, and the lower surface is very similar to the leaves, showing mottled brown, gray, black or red. The hair of larvae can cause discomfort in human skin. Lives in Central and South America, including Brazil, Costa Rica, and Venezuela. It is the national butterfly of Brazil. Their large wings allowed them to soar quickly in the sky. Day and night activities, flying agile.

Butterfly Shape Features

butterfly

butterfly

The body shape is mostly between 5 and 10cm. The body is divided into head, chest and abdomen; two pairs of wings; three pairs of feet. There are a pair of hammer-shaped tentacles on the head, the ends of the tentacles are thickened, the wings are wide, and the wings stand on the back when they stop. The antennae of butterflies are rod-shaped, and the ends of the antennae are thick and hammer-shaped. The body and wings are covered with flat scaly hairs. Slim belly. The largest is the Queen Alexandrine's birdwing Papilio in eastern New Guinea, with a female wingspan of 31 cm; the smallest is the Afghan gray butterfly, which has only 7 mm of wingspan. Mouthpiece is lower mouth type; foot is walking foot; wing is lepidoptera; it belongs to total metamorphosis. ^[2]

The scales on the wings of the butterfly not only make the butterfly beautiful, but also like a butterfly's raincoat. Because the scales of the butterfly wings are rich in fat, they can protect the butterfly, so the butterfly can fly even in light rain.

Butterfly Habits

Butterfly feeding

Butterfly larva bites egg shell

After hatching, some species take a short break and eat the host plant directly; some species (such as the red-eyed bamboo butterfly) first eat the egg shells and then the plants; some species also need to eat each time they moult The old epidermis that has been shed, such as Pieris rapae and Pleurotus ostreatus.

The feeding target of butterfly larvae varies according to the species. Most larvae eat leaves; some species, such as pollen butterflies and orange butterfly, eat flower buds; and some species eat young pods or young fruits, such as The pod lycaenidae eats tender pods, and the gardenia lycaenidae eats young gardenia fruit. In addition, there are a few species of larvae in the Lycaenidae that are carnivorous. For example, the lycaenidae eats coffee crickets. More common beneficial insects.

If the larvae that eat plant leaves are in the early stage of the first instar, they often eat the flesh on the back of the leaves, leaving the upper epidermis, forming a transparent window-like spot. Later, the larvae eat the leaves and perforate, or eat inward from the leaf edge; The worms grow up and their food intake grows. When the density of insects on a plant is high, the whole plant is eaten.

Most butterflies suck nectar. For nectar-sucking butterflies, they not only suck nectar, but also love nectar from certain plants. For example, the blue swallowtail butterfly sucks nectar from the lily family; the cabbage butterfly butterfly sucks from the cruciferous family. The nectar of the plant; the leopard butterfly sucks on the nectar of the Asteraceae, and so on; some of the butterflies that do not suck nectar include the bamboo eye butterfly and the fig juice; the lilac butterfly eats the physalis of the diseased oak and poplar; Butterflies suck on the flesh of grapes, which is common in grape fields.

Butterfly Activity Perch

The activities and habitats of butterfly larvae also vary according to the species. From the time of activity, the general types are out when the morning and evening sunlight is oblique. However, some species (such as cabbage worms) are active during the day, and some species (such as many butterfly larvae) are active at night.

Butterfly activity

Regularity from activities

butterfly

Judging from the fact that many swarming species of larval larvae have the same feeding and habitat activities (the and instars are more obvious). They are concentrated in feeding or inhabiting, such as the Chinese tiger swallowtail butterfly. Moreover, the larvae of some butterfly species, such as the stinging nettle butterfly, often spin up in tens of clusters to form a random web between the nettle branches and leaves. They hide in it like spiders to defend against foreign enemies, and eat and inhabit at the same time. . The habitat of butterfly larvae is generally hidden, so it is not easy to find individual larvae in the wild.

Butterfly perching characteristics

some

Butterfly larvae often have the habit of hiding leaves as nests, and the methods of adding leaves vary depending on the species, one with leaves, and several with leaves, each with its own style or technique. Banana butterfly larvae can fold the edges of banana leaves into nests and hide in them, and rice butterfly butterflies often concatenate several leaves and nest in them. Larvae with nesting habits or netting colony habits, they all feed near the habitat, never far away, and when they are shocked, they immediately retreat into the nest to hide, which is completely different from the general habitat habits of butterflies.

Water is an essential component of the metabolism of biological organisms. Therefore, we often see butterflies stopping to absorb water on moist ground, especially the slightly salty water, which attracts them most to drink. Whenever the scorching sun is at noon, on the sunken mountain road and beside the stream, various butterflies gather in groups to absorb water there.

Butterfly distribution range

Globally documented

There are about 20,000 butterfly species in China, and about 2153 species in China. Among the 158 families of Lepidoptera, there are 18 families of butterflies. Butterflies are the most abundant in the Amazon basin in South America, followed by Southeast Asia. Most of the world's most beautiful and ornamental butterflies are also produced in South America, Brazil, Peru and other countries. The types of international protection are mostly distributed in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and other countries. In the same area and at different altitudes, different wet and humid environments and different plant communities have been formed, and many different butterfly populations have been formed accordingly.

Butterflies have five kinds of cone cells, two more than humans, that is, they can feel two colors that we cannot name except red, blue, and green.

Butterfly breeding

Butterfly breeding process

Butterflies are completely metamorphic insects, that is, they pass through four stages in their life: eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults.

• egg

Butterfly eggs are generally round or oval in shape, with a waxy shell on the surface to prevent evaporation, and pores on one end, which are the pathways through which sperm enter. The size of eggs varies widely among different species of butterflies. Butterflies generally lay their eggs on the leaves of plants that the larvae like to eat and prepare food for the larvae.

• larva

After hatching, the larvae mainly eat, and they need to eat a lot of plant leaves. The larvae have various shapes, most of which are meat worms and a few are caterpillars. Butterfly harms agriculture mainly at the larval stage. As the larva grows, it usually goes through several molts.

• pupa

When the larva matures, it becomes a pupae. The larvae are usually hidden in the back of the plant leaves with a few wires to fix themselves, and then pupate directly without cocoons.

• Adult

After the tadpole matures, it emerges from the tadpole's shell, but it takes a certain amount of time to dry and harden its wings. At this time, the butterfly cannot escape natural enemies, which is a dangerous period. After the wings are stretched out, the butterfly can fly, and the front and back wings of the butterfly are not synchronously fanned. Therefore, when the butterfly is flying, it fluctuates greatly and has a beautiful posture. Generally, butterfly adults mate and lay eggs and die before winter arrives, but some species migrate to the south for winter.

Butterfly mating

General butterfly

Male butterflies emerge earlier than females. After that, the male butterfly flew around, looking for the female butterfly that had not emerged recently to chase the mating according to the sex pheromone emitted by the female butterfly.

Before mating, we need to go through a marriage proposal process, in which the pattern and color of the female butterfly and its pheromone play an important role. In addition, the external genital structure must match. If a female butterfly perched on a leaf has been mated, when the male butterfly flies, it will flatten its wings and raise its abdomen high, and never take off. That is a sign that the female butterfly does not accept mating. So the male butterfly flew around for a while and then flew away;

Sometimes a female butterfly that does not need to mate, when it is flying in the air, may encounter several male butterflies chasing courtship, pressing and flying around in circles, difficult to distinguish, and rise to high altitude together. Then, it landed rapidly. This escape caused the male butterfly to stray, and she did not know where the female butterfly was, so the female butterfly could get away.

The "fleeing marriage" instinct of the female butterfly is quite interesting. There are also some butterflies, such as most species of the family Serina. After mating, the female butterfly grows a variety of mating derivatives at the base of the opening of the copulation sac, which becomes an obstacle to prevent remating. Is a major feature of identifying species.

Butterflies and moths

The difference between butterflies

• Butterfly characteristics

(1) The scale pink on the front of most butterfly wings is bright, and the wings are not covered with fluff. A few butterflies in the Nymphalidae family have a noticeable plush at the root.

(2) Most butterflies have rod-shaped tentacles with enlarged tips.

(3) The butterfly has four wings closed and erected on its back to rest.

(4) The coat on the trunk of the butterfly is sparse (compared to the moth).

(5) The root of the hind wing visible on the ventral surface of the butterfly is arc-shaped (attached), without wings. It helps to increase the speed of flight, because butterflies generally fly faster than moths during daytime activities.

(6) The pupae of the butterfly are naked and without cocoons.

(7) Butterfly activity time is strictly defined during the day.

• Moth characteristics

(1) Moth not

Moth

Flying day and night, most are brown or black, and few colors are as bright as butterflies.

(2) The antennae of most moths are pinpoint-shaped or the whole antennae are feathery. A small number of moths (Sphingidae, Spotted moth) are similar to butterflies because of their daytime activities.

(3) Most moths have four wings resting on a tile.

(4) The coats of moth trunks are generally dense, just like the moths of the Sphingidae family are easily confused with hummingbirds during flight.

(5) The roots of the ventral hind wings of most moths are smooth and the arc is small, which is related to the slow flying speed of moths at night.

(6) The moth's pupae have cocoons. For example, silk is extracted from cocoons of silk moths.

Butterfly similarities

• Adults have scales on their body surfaces and wings, with mouthpieces siphoning.

• The larvae are mostly herbivorous, and most of them are agricultural pests.

• Completely perverted.

• All have three pairs of feet.

Natural enemy of butterfly species

The natural enemies of butterflies are: ants, beetles, birds, flies, lizards, frogs, toads, praying mantises, spiders, wasps, and parasitic bees.

Butterfly self-defense

Vigilance

Postman butterfly, winged

The bright red and black markings on the upper arm indicate that this butterfly is poisonous, and predators should stay away from them. It is practically non-toxic.

Mimicry

Kallima inachis belongs to the family Nymphalidae. World famous mimic butterfly. Distributed in southwest and central China, low-altitude areas of the Himalayas. When he paused, the three wings on both sides were tightly erected, hiding his body deeply, showing the ventral side of the wings. The abdomen is dominated by bronze, and autumn looks like dead leaves. It often changes with the seasons, and its color and shape are the same as the leaf color. A black stripe and fine lines running through the middle of the front and back wings, much like the midribs and branch veins of the leaves; the trailing strips of the hind wings and the petioles are very similar to the "tail". Is it a butterfly or a leaf?

In order for butterflies to survive, in addition to the aforementioned alertness and mimicry, there are still various self-defense methods used to scare off foreign enemies, such as:

When caught, the male of the Purple-spotted Butterfly can turn out a pair of glandular glands on its ventral end and immediately emit a foul odor, so that natural predators such as insect-eating birds have to be abandoned as a last resort, to avoid harm.

The swallowtail butterfly larva has an odorous horn in the center of the back of the front edge of its prothorax. When it is frightened, the fork-shaped odorous horn immediately turns out.

Another example is the wide-tailed swallowtail butterfly's -instar larva, when it is frightened and turns out the stinky horn, it also makes the three-thorax bulge protrude into a large triangle, and cooperates with the three black spots on it to form a poisonous snake-like intimidation posture. Self-defense.

More like the red-horned large white butterfly, the larva of the fifth instar can lift up the first five knots of the worm body, and with its unique markings on the ventral surface, it looks like a cobra before attacking, threatening foreign enemies, and defending itself with intrigue.

Butterfly wings use

The butterfly wings are like the two wings of an airplane, allowing butterflies to fly in using the airflow; the colorful patterns on the butterfly wings are amazing. However, their colorful wings are not just for the feast of the eyes. Colorful colors are used to hide, camouflage, and attract spouses. The new book "100 Butterflies" by Harold Feinstein shows people very beautiful pictures of butterflies and moths.

Butterfly beautiful wings

This South American species (pictured right) is called "Eighty-eight butterfly", and it is distributed in South America with about 40 species. Its characteristic is the striking "88" on the hind wings. The markings of many insects are erratic, and sometimes there are some amazing patterns.

Butterfly Guardian

Owl butterflies are so named because of the large eye-like markings on their wings. Its function is obvious-mimicking a large owl face to scare nearby predators. In fact, biologists have not confirmed whether these eye-like markings are intended to scare away predators. It may also be used as a bait for predators to attack their wings instead of their vulnerable bodies.

Butterfly Gorgeous Sunset

The origin is the "sunset moth" of Madagascar, and the brilliant colors of their wings are also used to warn predators of their toxicity. Both butterflies and moths are lepidopteran insects, and they have a large number of scales on their wings. Their wings are made up of subtle spots-providing insects with protection from moisture and forming elegant colorful patterns. Some colors are caused by pigments on the scales, but rainbow-like tones are caused by the scattering of tiny scales.

Butterfly blue phantom

The blue morpho's wings glow light blue. Their cobalt blue does not come from pigments, but from thousands of translucent scales on their wings, which can filter out blue light from visible light and emit it from the wings. When the natural enemy approaches, it can flap its wings quickly to produce a flash of light, and then scare the natural enemy away. Instead of eating nectar, this tropical butterfly draws juice from rotten fruits. Its favorites are mango juice, kiwi juice and lychee juice. The bright goddess butterfly is the most beautiful butterfly in the world.

Butterfly Stealth

This Glasswing Butterfly has a unique dreamy color. The organization between its wings is transparent and looks like glass, hence its name. Like other transparent-winged butterflies and moths, its wing film has no color and no scales, which makes them transparent. This transparency helps this winged butterfly native to tropical rainforests in South America escape the predator's sight easily. Although transparent butterflies are rare for people, in fact, they are not many in the native place and are not listed as rare species.

Butterfly Leopard Temptation

Many butterflies try to hide to avoid attention. The one exception is that insects in the mating season want the attention of the opposite sex. The male leopard lacewing butterfly likes to show off their gorgeous orange, which may send a signal to the female that such a prominent target is still alive, then he must have a good gene. The leopard print butterfly is dimorphic, meaning that the female is not very noticeable. Because they do not need to impress the mating subjects, the colors of the female wings are brown, black, and white.

Butterfly family

Pieridae, such as white butterfly or yellow butterfly,

Famous for its cluster migration.

Papilionidae (Papilionidae), such as Papilio and Serpentina (Servia are sometimes singled out as Parnassiidae).

Lycaenidae, including blue, copper, butterfly, swallowtail, lyre, and tortoiseshell butterfly (Nymphalidae is more common in tropical America, and is sometimes classified as the Riodinidae).

Nymphalidae, such as brush-footed butterflies. The largest and most diverse subject, some experts subdivide it into several subjects. This brush-footed butterfly includes some common butterflies, such as Admiral's Vanessa, Vanessa, King, Vanessa, and Red Admiral.

Hesperiidae, such as the long-tailed butterfly and the pupa brown butterfly. A lower class, mostly dark brown, is quite easy to identify.

According to the characteristics of butterflies, kinship (phylogeny) and degree of evolution, butterflies in the world can be divided into 4 general families, 17 families, and are classified as follows:

Hesperoidea-the most primitive system, the two antennae of the species are far away from the base, and there are no bifurcations in the outer veins in the front wings. Categories include:

Hesperiidae;

Euschemonidae;

Megathymidae.

Papilionoidea- Primitive system: The bases of the two antennae of the species are close to each other, the veins in the fore wings are bifurcated, and the forefoot of the male and female butterfly is developed. Categories include:

Papilionidae;

Parnassiidae;

Pieridae (Pieridae).

Lycaenoidea- evolutionary system: Female butterflies have normal forefoot, or no claws, and no or hind shoulders. Categories include:

Lycaenidae;

Nymphalidae (Riodinidae);

Libertheidae.

Nymphaloidea-the most evolutionary system: female butterflies have forefoot degeneration, no claws, and hind wings with shoulder veins. Categories include:

Danaidae;

Nymphalidae (Ithomiidae);

Ophthalmidae (Satyrldae);

Amathusiidae;

Morphidae;

Nymphalidae;

Acraeidae;

Heliconiidae.

In the above classifications, there are no distributions in the five families of big butterfly, viburnum, viburnum, sleeve butterfly, and torrid butterfly in China. Papilioidae and Morphoididae are the most aesthetically and economically valuable butterflies, followed by Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Sericidae, Turtleidae, and Cycidae.

According to the ecological environment, butterflies can be divided into the following types: forest butterflies, swamp butterflies, forest grassland butterflies, agricultural plant butterflies.

Butterfly chinese species

Chinese butterfly species are abundant, especially in subtropical regions. Common subjects are 12 subjects:

Butterfly Papilioidae

Bachelor Butterfly

It is a medium to large beautiful butterfly species. Often based on black, yellow and white, decorated with red, blue, green, yellow and other color markings, some species have more brilliant blue, green, yellow and other metal luster.

Hind wing generally has a tail band, and even more Yan Yan. Mostly produced in tropical and subtropical areas. The larvae are smooth and hairless, and they often eat plants in the Rutaaceae and Umbelliferae families, sometimes causing damage, such as the yellow butterfly, the jade belt butterfly and so on. There are also types that exclusively feed on Aristolochia.

The majority of adults of the swallowtail butterfly are degraded in the lower lip (with the exception of the beaked swallowtail); the ends of the antennae gradually thicken. The midfoot of the forefoot has large middle spines and a pair of symmetrical claws at the ends.

The front and rear wings are approximately triangular; the middle chambers of both wings are closed. Forewing R veins have 5 branches; R4 and R5 are common; M1 and R veins are not common; most species have basal transverse veins (cu-a), and there are 2 A veins (2A and 3A). Hooked shoulder transverse veins (h) in the shoulder area of the hind wing; the outer edge is corrugated; the inner edge is contracted, and the abdomen is obviously exposed at the side when stationary. There is only one A vein (2A); most types of M3 veins extend as tail processes, part There are more than 2 tail processes or no tail processes.

Pieridae

It is a small to medium-sized butterfly species. It is often based on white and yellow, and is decorated with black, red, and yellow stripes. The surface of most types of wings is powdery. There are a middle pad (sucker) between the two claws of the forefoot end of the adult Pieridae, so they can stay on the surface of smooth vertical objects such as glass.

The front and rear wings are approximately Sui round, and the middle chambers of both wings are closed. Forewing R veins branch from 3 to 5. R2 and R3 of most types of forewings often merge, and R4 and R5 of some species also merge; M1 and R veins are in common; A vein has only one (2A). The hind wings have transverse shoulder veins (h); the outer edges of the two wings are relatively obtuse; the abdomen is not visible on the side when stationary; the inner edges of the hind wings are more developed; there are 2 A veins (2A and 3A).

Among them, cabbage butterfly is a pest. Both white butterfly and cabbage white butterfly are harmful to cruciferous vegetables, and tree white butterflies are harmful to fruit trees.

Nymphalidae

It belongs to small to medium-sized butterfly species, a few are large species, and more than 5,000 species are known, which is the largest family of butterflies. Rich colors and different forms. The forefoot is degenerate, without claws, and the wings are stacked on the back. Easy to identify. The rice-eye butterfly larva is harmful to rice and bamboo, and the forewing has 2 eye patterns, such as sun and moon, so it is also called sun-moon butterfly. It belongs to small to medium sized butterfly species, and a few are large species. Rich colors and different forms.

Adults of the Nymphalidae family must be particularly stout; the ends of the antennae are significantly thickened; some species of mid-thorax are particularly stout; forefoot degenerates and is not contracted; males are one slug, females have 4 to 5 slugs, and their claws are fully degraded. Larvae are hairless but often have fleshy branches, which are often mistaken for "caterpillars", but they are not stingy and can be touched with their hands.

The butterfly shape of the undergraduate butterfly is rich and changeable, and the differences between genera are large. The forewings are mostly triangular; the middle chamber is open or closed; R veins have 5 branches and R2 to R5 are common; M1 and R veins are not common; there is only one A vein (2A). Hind wings are nearly circular or nearly triangular; the edges of some species are jagged; the middle chamber is open or closed; the shoulder region has a more developed shoulder transverse vein (h); the inner edge of the hip region is more developed, and the A vein has 2 ( 2A and 3A).

Butterfly lycaenidae

The genus Butterfly is a small butterfly species. The front of the wing is mainly gray, brown, black and other colors. The surface of some types of wing has a brilliant metallic luster of purple, blue, green and other colors. There are many variations in the markings.

Adults of the Lycaenidae family have mostly white rings; the forefoot is degraded, but it can still be used for walking. Male forefoot is mostly a one-knuckle, one-claw, rarely segmented; female forefoot is 2-5 knuckles.

The front wings of the undergraduate butterfly are mostly triangular; the middle chamber is closed or open; R veins are branched 3 to 4; R4 to R5 are common; M1 and R veins are common; the base of the A vein is bifurcated (3A merges into 2A Or none). Hind wings are nearly oval-shaped; the middle chamber is closed or open; there are no transverse shoulder veins in the shoulder area; the hip area on the inner edge is more developed, and there are 2 A veins (2A and 3A).

The larvae are mostly phytophagous, and a few can prey on pupae or aphids.

Butterflies

Most are medium in size, white or waxy yellow. Adults of the silk butterfly have short antennae, and the ends are swollen and stick-shaped; the lower lip must be short; the body is densely hairy. The wings are nearly round, the scales on the wings are scarce (scale seeds), translucent, with black, red or yellow streaks, and the streaks are mostly ring-shaped. There are only 4 R veins in the forewing, 2 A veins, and no gluteal transverse veins; the tail has no tail, and 1 A vein.

The undergraduate species are all produced in high mountains, and have strong cold resistance. Some fly close to the ground on the snow line, slow in movement, and easy to catch.

Phalaenopsis

Most of the butterflies belong to medium to large butterfly species. It is usually based on gray-brown and yellow-brown with black and white markings. The dark color is mostly yellow, gray, brown, dark brown, and a few dark purple. There are large spots on the wings. The terminal part gradually thickens, but it is not obvious; the forefoot degenerates and does not need to be contracted. The male is one hip, the female is 4-5 hips, and the claws are all degraded.

The area of the two wings is larger and the insect body is smaller; the fore wings are approximately triangular; the middle chamber is closed and the posterior horns protrude outward; the fore wings R veins 4 to 5 branches and R 2 to R 5 have long stems; M1 and R veins are not in common; There is only one A vein (2A). Hind wings are nearly round; the middle chamber is open; the shoulder area has transverse shoulder veins (h); the inner edge of the hip region is well developed; there are 2 A veins (2A and 3A); Ringed markings.

Butterfly butterfly family

Medium or large species with black body, white dots on the head and abdomen, and colorful wings and swarming habits. The antennae of the adult butterfly are gradually thickened, but not obvious; the forefoot is degraded and not contracted. The male forefoot is a one-knuckle, the female is 4 to 5 knuckles, and the claws are all degraded. The chest side often has most white spots; Long hair pinches.

The front and rear wings are approximately triangular; the middle chambers of both wings are closed. Forewing R vein 5 branches, R3 R5 common stalk; M1 and R vein common short stalk; forewing A vein base is bifurcated (3A merges into 2A). The hind wings are round and triangular, with short shoulder transverse veins (h) in the shoulder area; there are 2 A veins (2A and 3A); some types of male butterflies have incense scales or prominent incense sacs. The larvae are smooth and hairless, and feed on poisonous plants in the oleander family or indica family.

Butterfly Eye Butterfly

Most of the undergraduate butterflies belong to small to medium-sized butterfly species. It is usually based on gray-brown and dark-brown, with black and white markings.

The antennae of the eye butterfly adults gradually thicken, but are not obvious; the forefoot degenerates and does not need to be contracted. The male has only one slug, the female has 4 to 5 slugs, and the claws are all degraded. The front wings are round triangles; the middle chamber is closed; the bases of the front wings of the Sc veins often swell, and the bases of some types of Cu veins and A veins also swell; the R veins have 5 branches, and R3 to R5 are common; M1 and R veins are not common; There is only one A vein (2A). The hind wings are nearly round; the middle chamber is closed; the shoulder region has a more developed shoulder transverse vein (h); the inner edge of the hip region is more developed; there are 2 A veins (2A and 3A); It often has most eye-like ring markings.

Butterflies

The undergraduate is separated from the Nymphalidae, and the adult is similar to the species of the Nymphalidae. Adults are small and medium sized butterfly species, brown or red, decorated with black and white markings.

The tentacles of the adult butterfly are gradually thickened, but not obvious. The forefoot is degenerate and is not used for contraction. The male has only one hip joint, the female has 5 hip joints, the claws are fully degraded, and the claws of the middle hind feet are asymmetric. Triangular hip sleeve. The adult wing has a narrow and long oval shape, obviously longer than the hind wing; the middle chamber is closed; R veins have 5 branches, R2 R5 are common; M1 and R veins are not common; there is only one A vein (2A). The hind wings are nearly oval; the middle chamber is closed; the shoulder region has a transverse shoulder vein (h); M1 and Rs have a short stem; there are 2 A veins (2A and 3A) in the inner hip region.

Butterfly beak butterfly family

There are fewer species of undergraduate butterflies, and there are only ten in the world. It belongs to the small and medium-sized butterfly species. It is the earliest butterfly species found on the earth so far.

The lower lips of adults of the coccidae family must be particularly long, more than twice the head length; the male forefoot degenerates and is not used for contraction, the end is a slug, and the claws are completely degraded; The front wings are triangular; the middle ventricular end is closed by weak transverse veins; R vein 5 branches, R3 R5 are common, M1 and R veins are not common, M2 veins are prominent and exceed the apical angle; the base of A vein is bifurcated ( 3A merges into 2A). The hind wings are polygonal; the ends of the middle chamber are closed by weak transverse veins; the shoulder region has transverse shoulder veins (h); the inner edge of the hip region is more developed, and there are 2 A veins (2A and 3A).

Nymphalidae

The genus Butterfly is a small butterfly species.

It is mainly red, brown, and black, with white markings, and the colors and markings on the front and back of the two wings are similar. The tentacles of adult worms are mostly white-ringed; the male forefoot degenerates and is not used for contraction, the end is a knuckle, and the claws are fully degraded; the female forefoot is normal. The front wings are mostly triangular; the middle chamber is closed; R veins have 5 branches, R3 R5 are common; M1 and R veins are common; A vein has a bifurcation at the base (3A merges into 2A). The hind wing is nearly ovoid; the middle chamber is closed; the shoulder region has a more developed transverse shoulder (h); the inner edge of the hip region is more developed; there are 2 A veins (2A and 3A).

Butterflies

There are many butterfly species in the undergraduate school. Adults belong to the small butterfly species, and are the most special species in butterfly morphology and living habits.

The antennae of adult Nymphalidae are pointed hook-shaped; the forefoot of both male and female adults is normal. The adult wing has a narrow and long triangle; the middle chamber is open or closed; the R vein has 5 branches, each branch directly extending from the middle chamber in parallel; the A vein has 2 (2A and 3A). The hind wings are mostly triangular; the middle chamber is open or closed; the M veins are 2 to 3; the shoulder region has shoulder transverse veins (h); the inner edge of the hip region is developed, and the A veins are 2 (2A and 3A).

Butterfly foreign species

(5 subjects)

Butterfly Morphoidae

Large ornate butterfly species with wide wings and wingspan of 75-200 mm. Often based on black and white, decorated with red, cyan, blue and other markings, some species have a bright and dazzling purple metallic luster. The abdomen is particularly short and thick. Larvae are often hairy. Distributed only in South America.

Butterfly sleeve butterfly family

Separated from the Nymphalidae, also known as the butterfly family, because the body contains toxins, also known as poisonous butterfly family.

Medium-sized species. The head is large, the tentacles are slender, the abdomen is slender, and the wings are narrow and long. The length of the front wings is twice as wide. The width of the wings is 60 to 100 mm. The hind wing shoulder veins bend towards the base. Most species are black, with red, yellow, and white markings, and colorful; a few species are orange, with black, yellow, and white markings, with sharp contrast. It looks like a poisonous spot moth. Many species have different subspecies and types, and often simulate species of different genera or families, causing identification difficulties. Mainly distributed in South America, a few in the southern United States.

Nymphalidae

Also known as the butterfly family, because it is close to the butterfly family in the blood, some scholars include it in the butterfly family.

The family includes some small to medium-sized butterflies with wings spread from 30 to 115 mm. The body is extremely slender, the antennae are slender, and the wings are narrow (see the wing vein diagram). Some species have few scales on their wings, yellowish-white and translucent, such as cymbals, and other species are reddish-brown, with black or yellow markings, which appear to be poisonous spot moths. Hind wing without hair scales. Adults fly slowly, most of them live in forested areas, and some transparent species live in open areas and often appear in cities.

The species of this family often have foul body fluids to protect themselves. Some species are similar in appearance to the species of the family Sphenidae, which is quite difficult to identify. Distributed in Central and South America, from Mexico to the Amazon, Brazil to Argentina.

Butterflies

It belongs to the Nymphalidae, and some scholars have included it in the Nymphalidae.

It is large and hairy, with dark yellow-brown wings decorated with unique yellow and white patterns. The wings spread out over 40 mm and can reach a maximum of 80 mm. Male butterflies are much smaller than female butterflies. The head is significantly narrower than the chest, and the antennae have special stink-like ends, which are not obviously hook-shaped. Hind tibia is only one pitch away. Flying power is very strong. Distributed in central America, including the southern United States and northern Mexico.

Nymphalidae

It is also called Aolongidae, belonging to the Nymphalidae, and some scholars have included it in the Nymphalidae.

The butterfly is large, with wings spreading from 45 to 65 mm. The most prominent feature of the Nymphalidae is that the male butterfly has a winged pupa, which is connected to the claws of the front wing, so that the front and rear wings remain consistent during flight, while other butterflies do not have winged pupa, but moths have winged pupa.

Vanessa's flying attitude is very special and agile. I like to visit flowers and often eat on lantana. When resting on a leaf, the four-winged abduction resembles a moth. Distributed in northern Australia.

Butterfly Overwintering Pattern

Butterfly eggs overwinter

Overwintering in the form of eggs is the most common way for insects to overwinter, and some species of butterflies overwinter with eggs. Like the gray butterfly and the line butterfly, they use the apricot as the host. Overwintering eggs lay at the base of dormant buds, which is a clever way to do both. The first is to hide the eggs well, and then the larva hatches in the spring and can eat delicious sprouts.

Butterfly larva overwintering

It is not uncommon for butterflies to overwinter with larvae. There are three ways:

Most of the butterflies stop eating in the winter and drill directly into the soil, so that they will not freeze even if it snows.

Hiding in the "house". The Silver Bar Butterfly and Mountain Pearl Butterfly are its representatives. Butterflies are masters at making nests, and soon after they come out of the eggs, they will tighten the ends of the leaves little by little with silk threads, and the leaves will become a rolled leaf tube and live inside.

Do nothing. The larva of the snake-eye butterfly emerged from the eggs as soon as it entered winter, and then ate without drinking or drinking.

Butterfly pupae overwintering

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If a rare butterfly is found in the wild, quickly open the mouth of the net, catch the butterfly, then turn down the mouth of the net, and swing the lower part of the net bag and the butterfly to the net circle. For large butterflies, you can pinch their chest from outside the net, gently put it in the prepared triangle bag and indicate the collection location and date. For non-toxic bottles, you can pinch a butterfly's chest directly with your fingers to make it inactive and then gently clamp it into the triangle bag with tweezers. Do not touch the wings with your hands to maintain natural beauty. Otherwise, the price of damaged butterflies will decrease.

Butterfly specimen making

To make butterflies

For butterfly specimens, first prepare the following utensils:

Insect needles: Insect needles are a must-have for making needle-inserted specimens. Depending on the size of the insect body, the thickness of the needle used varies. Insect needles are usually 38 mm long, with thicknesses of 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and so on. The diameter of 00 is 0.3 mm, which is thickened in turn. The quality is made of stainless steel products with excellent elasticity. optimal. Pin-inserted butterfly specimens are usually purchased in three numbers: 5, 3, and 1.

Three-stage stage: Three-stage stage can use a wooden board to make a three-stage stage with a length of 12cm, a width of 4cm, and a height of 2.4cm. The first stage is 0.8cm high, the second stage is 1.6cm high, and the third stage is 2.4cm high. There is a small hole with the same thickness as the No. 5 insect needle for inserting the needle. The tertiary stage is used for pin-inserting specimens, and it can make all the specimens and their labels highly uniform.

Wing spreader: The wing spreader is made of softer wood. A cork groove was laid in the board. One of the two plates next to the groove is movable to adjust the width of the groove according to the size of the worm. If there is no such spreader, it can also be made of hard foam.

Softening device: When making specimens in storage, because the insect body is extremely crisp and broken at the touch, it must be softened to spread its wings and adjust its posture. The softener is an indispensable tool for making dry specimens. During mass production, a suitable softener can be modified with a glassy drier, that is, put a layer of washed wet sand on the bottom of the device, add a few drops of stone carbonate solution to prevent mold, and put a piece of absorbent paper on the sand , And then put the triangle paper bag in the upright device. At a few days at room temperature (shorter summer time), the butterfly body is still soft. At this time, you must grasp the wings and adjust your posture. If it is left for too long, the specimen will become black and affect the color. If there is no dryer, various covered containers can be substituted.

In addition, labels, bead paper, pins, tweezers, etc. are required.

Next we are going to formally make specimens.

First, according to the size of the insect body, select an appropriate insect needle, insert it from the center of the butterfly's chest, and leave 8mm in length. Next, vertically insert the middle of the quasi-spreading plate slot, so that the back of the worm body is parallel to the spreading panel. Then use a small insect needle or tweezers to hold or pinch the thicker veins of the left and right forewes and pull them forward until the trailing edge of the forewes is perpendicular to the body.

Then, press the transparent folded fin strip that has been folded in advance so that the trailing edge of the front wing coincides with the fold on the compressed fin strip. In order to make the standard wood look natural, you can use insect needles to shape the butterfly wings at the base of the wings and trim the feet, tentacles, and touches slightly. Finally, check whether the specimens are made correctly and there are no errors. If there are no errors, put the specimens in a 40 ° C oven or dry them in a ventilated and dry place for about two weeks to allow them to dry themselves. After making the specimens, make original records carefully.

Butterfly world

World

Largest butterfly: Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea, born in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, are called the Alexandrine birdwing swallowtail butterfly, and the largest can reach 360 mm from the left to the right.

The most beautiful butterfly: the goddess of light (helena butterfly, blue danube butterfly).

The most weird butterfly: Kashenfu Ghost Beauty Papilio (its weird is that it was created by a literary codeword worker, and its prototype is probably the yin and yang butterfly. Out of Cai Jun's thrilling suspense novel Butterfly Cemetery).

The rarest butterfly: Emperor Moth Yin Yang Butterfly.

Butterfly flying silent

The reason why we can hear sounds is caused by the vibration of their wings, and the effect of the vibration waves propagating in the air on the ears. Our ears can perceive waves of 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second, and within this range we can feel sound. We can't feel the sound above or below this range.

Butterflies only flutter their wings 4 to 10 times per second, and they fly with low frequency and spread to our ears through the air. We can't feel them, and we can't hear the sound of them flying.

Butterfly extinction species

The discovery of the Madeira Great White Butterfly in the Grand Canyon in the temperate rainforest of the Madeira Islands in Portugal has shocked the world. Closest to this butterfly species are the great white butterflies, which are found throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia. In 2007, experts announced that the Madeira Greater White Swallowtail has become extinct.

Causes of extinction: Reduced habitats caused by construction land and pollution caused by agricultural irrigation are the two main causes of extinction of this species.

Alcan blue butterfly mainly lives in the prairie of the Netherlands. It is said that the last time I saw the Dutch Alcon Blue Butterfly was in 1979.

Causes of extinction: The increase in agricultural and construction land has a negative impact on Alcon's blue butterfly habitat, causing it to lose its main food source.

Butterfly species status

On June 17, 2018, the Plateau Biology Research Institute of the Tibet Autonomous Region revealed that the institute started the study of Tibetan butterfly biodiversity in 2017. As of now, according to the list obtained from the collected data and habitat analysis, the types of butterflies distributed in Tibet More than 500 kinds. ^[3]