What is a Theoretical Value?

Value theory is the science of the movement and change of the value relationship between social things. People's understanding of the objective world is divided into two categories: one is the understanding of the attributes and nature of various things in the objective world and the laws of movement; the other is the significance (that is, value) of various things in the objective world to human existence and development Recognition. The former is a general scientific theory, and the latter is a value theory. Axiology is an important part of the scientific theory system of mankind. Since the "meaning for human survival and development" is also a special attribute of things, value theory is a special scientific theory. It can be seen that value theory is the foundation and core of economic theory. ^[1]

The theory of labor value is about the value of goods by ordinary human labor without distinction, that is,

Because the interaction between social things is essentially the role of value, the movement and change of any social thing are driven by certain interests or value, and almost all social sciences are more or less related to value theory. There is some kind of connection, all consciously or unconsciously assume a certain value theory as the premise. It can be seen that the value theory is one of the basic theories of the whole social science, and the value problem is a problem that cannot be avoided by any social science. ^[7]

The so-called "theoretical crisis" of value theory

There is no more controversial theory in the whole social science than the theory of value. There is no such theory as a theory of value that has such a large number of inconsistent and independent opinions. This is a very abnormal phenomenon, which must not be attributed to the contradiction and complexity of the value phenomenon. It can only be attributed to the existence of some serious crises within the entire value theory system. The question is whether it can be correctly understood. And successfully resolve these crises. The crisis of traditional value theory is mainly manifested in three aspects.

Unification crisis

Traditional value theory has long remained above scattered narrative analysis. There are a lot of contradictory arguments in the value theory of different social disciplines. Each argument is usually only applicable to a specific social field and period of social history, and only has low systemicity, compatibility, and universality, as shown in:

(1) In the value theory of different social disciplines, the connotation represented by value is very different, and the measurement methods are also very different. For example: in value philosophy or philosophical axiology, value represents mainly ethical and moral meanings, and its size is measured by the degree of truth, goodness, beauty (or false ugliness); in political economics, value represents The general amount of human labor condensed in a commodity is measured by the socially necessary labor time it takes a worker to produce the commodity. In economics, the value is mainly the production cost or labor cost of the commodity. It is measured by the amount of money consumed by goods during production, exchange and consumption; in value engineering, value represents the ratio of function to cost.

(2) In the value theory of the same social discipline, there are often serious internal contradictions and conflicts, and there are many academic factions. For example, in philosophical axiology, there are subjective and objective axiology according to different observation angles; according to the starting point of research, there is a distinction between humanistic axiology and evolutionary axiology. Value theory and relational value theory; according to the different determinants of value, there are the subject value theory, object value theory, two-factor value theory and three-factor value theory; according to the value relevance of things, there is non-uniformity There is a distinction between the theory of value and the theory of unified value; according to the different reduction of the value of things, there are non-reduced value theory and reduced value theory.

(3) The value theory of social science is completely out of touch with the natural science. Traditional value theory seems to be completely based on supernatural nature. It regards value movement as a special movement that is completely rational and separate from general material movement, completely isolating value theory from natural science, ignoring natural science, especially dissipation. Structural theory, synergy theory, catastrophe theory and hypercycle theory have made great achievements in studying biological movement and human social movement. ^[7]

Naturalization crisis

The basic assumptions and perspectives of traditional value theory are based on subjective imagination and cannot be tested for objectivity and accuracy. For example: "the value depends entirely on the subjective feeling and subjective evaluation of the individual", "there is no "Objective and uniform value judgment standards and benchmarks", "the amount of value of a thing depends on the amount of bitterness that the thing produces for people", "value is a function of desire", "value is negative entropy", "value is a thing Views such as "an attribute that satisfies human needs" are all subjective assumptions and are the direct products of subjective imagination. The value theory can avoid the subjective arbitrariness of the research premise and reasoning to the greatest extent only by citing the research methods of the natural sciences and strictly following the logical laws of the natural sciences. ^[7]

Mathematical crisis

Except for economics, the value theory of other disciplines has hardly used mathematical analysis. On the issue of use value measurement, traditional value theory holds that there is no "communicability" between different levels and different forms of use value, which cannot be compared with each other and calculated uniformly. On the issue of labor value measurement, traditional value theory ( Mainly political economics) measure labor value in the form of time. It is not possible to define labor intensity, labor proficiency, and labor complexity in a precise and quantitative manner. Therefore, it is impossible to establish labor value and other variables on this basis. Functional relationship between them. The limitation of traditional value theory in the degree of mathematics fundamentally determines its limitation in practical application.

Where is the solution to the various crises of value theory? Obviously, there is no answer from traditional research ideas. Only by breaking through the constraints of traditional research ideas and realizing the mathematicalization and natural science of value theories can we make a new and dynamic way. ^[7]

The so-called "misunderstanding" of value theory

Value is the driving force for human survival and development. All human activities can be attributed to the process of production and consumption of value. All forms of social relationship are essentially a value relationship. Value movement is the core content of all social movements. Therefore, the value theory is the basic theory of all social sciences, and the small errors of the value theory will be extended to other areas of the social sciences in an ever-expanding manner, and will cause a series of major errors of other social sciences. There are several misunderstandings in the value theory, which seriously hinder the further development of the value theory, and further hinder the further development of the entire social science.

One: "Value is a unique human phenomenon", in fact, value is a complex physical phenomenon

Humans have evolved from lower organisms, and lower organisms have evolved from inanimate matter. Therefore, the value phenomenon that develops with the development of humans must evolve from general physical and chemical phenomena.

The spontaneous process of a general material system is in the direction of increasing chaos, that is, the "entropy value" of the system will continue to increase. For example, in an isolated system, the gas always diffuses from the high-pressure region to the low-pressure region, and the heat Always flow from high temperature area to low temperature area automatically. However, the biological world and human society are another scene. They continue to evolve, from disorder to order, from simplicity to complexity, that is, the "entropy value" of living organisms will continue to decrease. This is related to the principle of thermodynamics. Seems to be the exact opposite. In this regard, Prigogine proposed the "dissipative structure theory". He believes that: an open system that is far from equilibrium, relying on the constant exchange of matter and energy with the outside world to obtain a "negative entropy flow" from the outside world to compensate the system The internal entropy increase makes the total entropy of the system become zero or even negative, which makes the system's ordering degree higher and higher. In this way, Prigogine unified the laws of physics and biology without violating the second law of thermodynamics.

There are various forms of material movement, and each type of movement corresponds to a specific form of energy. Energy is a uniform measure of the scale of movement between different forms of movement, and it is also used to change the scale of movement of matter. Power source. Obviously, the disordered movement of the general material system is completed by certain energy. Then, the ordered movement of the living body is also completed by certain energy. These can promote the orderly process of the dissipative structure. For ordering energy. For plants, solar energy is its ordering energy; for animals, only the biochemical energy contained in food is its ordering energy.

In addition to the energy properties of matter in nature, there are many other properties, such as physical properties and chemical properties. As long as these non-energy material properties are well organized and coordinated, they can be used to promote human survival and development. Maintaining and developing human ordering has objectively played the same role as ordering energy, which is called "ordered virtual energy", and can be converted into a considerable amount of standard ordering according to the subject's objective needs energy. For example, although the cave does not directly provide food energy for the animals, it can protect the animals from the cold in winter, reduce the loss of body heat, and reduce the incidence and mortality of animals, which reduces the food energy in terms of objective effects. The loss of food improves the efficiency of the animal body's use of food energy. Obviously, these "ordered virtual energy" play a role of replacing, compensating, strengthening, catalyzing, and expanding the ordering energy in terms of functional characteristics, and are an indirect ordering energy. The ordered real energy and the ordered virtual energy are collectively called the ordered function (or generalized ordered energy). Therefore, a physical definition of value is proposed: for a certain subject, the ordering function or generalized ordering energy possessed and released by things is value, which is represented by Q.

It is not difficult to find that the concept of ordering function or generalized ordering energy is completely based on natural science, and its connotation is basically the same as that of value based on social science. Value is not a human-specific phenomenon, but a complex physical phenomenon, which evolved from general physical phenomena. ^[7]

No. 2: "It is impossible to measure uniformly different types of value", in fact, all types of value can be measured uniformly

For a long time, people have been bewildered by the complex expressions of value, and they can't see their deep uniformity and coherence. Things can be divided into two categories (general things and people), so value can be divided into two types: use value and labor value, where labor value is the use value of people or workers, and the use value of general things can be Divided into the use value of living materials (relative to the consumption system) and the value of production materials (relative to the production system).

1. A unified measurement of the value of living materials.

In general, the subjective motivation for people to consume the value of various means of living is to satisfy their various desires, while the objective motivation (that is, objective needs) is to maintain and develop their own labor capacity, and the more direct objective motivation is to serve their own bodies. Accumulate necessary labor potential. Practice has shown that different types of living materials can meet the objective needs of different levels of people, form different levels of labor potential, and serve different levels of labor capacity. The hierarchical structure of the value of living materials basically depends on people's Hierarchy of work capacity. The theory proves that people's working ability can be divided into four basic levels, labor potential can be divided into four basic levels, and the value of the means of living is divided into four levels accordingly, namely food and clothing, health and safety, self-esteem and people. Use value of respect, self-development and self-realization. The use value of food and clothing, with food energy as the core, all other non-food energy forms (clothing, moisture, air, climate, salt, etc.) can be replaced and compensated to a certain extent by food energy, or To some extent, food energy is replaced and compensated, so that it can be converted into a certain amount of standard food energy. Safety and health use value is mainly used to reduce the external life failure rate (safety use value) or internal life failure rate (health use value), which can be converted into a certain number of food and clothing use value. Use value of human respect and self-esteem. It is mainly used to reduce people's external social failure rate (human respect use value) or internal social failure rate (self-esteem use value), which can be converted into a certain amount of safety and health use value. Self-development and self-realization use value. It is mainly used to reduce the internal rational failure rate (self-realization use value) or external rational failure rate (self-development use value), which can be converted into a certain number of human respect and self-esteem use value.

It can be obtained that the value of the living materials at all levels can be converted into a certain amount of food energy, and the unit of measurement is the energy unit: Joule.

2.A unified measure of labor value

Marx used the form of time to measure the amount of labor and labor value, which has great limitations. No matter whether it is in the form of time and physical chemical changes, or in the form of sacrificing comfort and paying wages, it is impossible to accurately and comprehensively measure the labor amount of workers.

Labor value is not only derived from use value, but also the source of use value. It is a special use value. Through the consumption of living materials and the labor of production materials, people realize the mutual conversion of use value and labor value, and achieve the purpose of value-added in the process of mutual conversion.

Conversion of use value to labor potential (consumption stage). People consume a variety of means of life. Although they are subjectively to meet their needs of various emotions (ie desires, feelings and emotions), they are objectively to maintain and develop their own labor capacity. It is more direct Meaning is to accumulate necessary labor potential for the labor process.

Conversion of labor potential to labor value (labor stage). Through specific labor methods in the production system, laborers release labor potential and convert it into labor value.

Conversion of labor value to new use value (production stage). The labor value paid by the laborer is combined with the means of production in the production system and acts on the labor object to change the quality characteristics of the labor object, thereby increasing its use value. This process is actually a new use of labor value The process of value conversion.

Use value labor potential labor value new use value

Studies have shown that adopting the "use-value consumption of socially necessary compensatory means of living" to measure labor has the advantages of high scale stability, strong intuitiveness, high quantification, wide adaptability or high flexibility. This measurement method does not need to make special regulations on production conditions, labor intensity, labor proficiency, labor complexity, etc., so it has extensive space-time adaptability and flexibility. Since the use value of means of living can be converted into a certain amount of standard food energy, the labor value can also be converted into a certain amount of food energy.

3.A unified measure of the value of production materials

In a general production system, the input factors of production can be divided into two categories: means of production (including natural resources) and labor. Among them, the means of production is represented by the value of the means of production and the labor is represented by the value of labor. Under the combined effects of the corresponding management system and certain production organization procedures, the use value of the means of production and the labor value have a coherent and coordinated effect, resulting in value growth. The objective motive of the means of production is to replace, supplement, enhance and expand the labor capacity of the workers, that is, the objective motive of the value of the means of production is to replace, supplement, enhance and expand a certain amount of labor value. Research shows that the use value of the means of production depends on the equivalent amount of labor value in the equilibrium state of the production process. Therefore, the use value of the means of production can also be converted into a certain amount of food energy.

In short, the labor value, the value of the means of living and the value of the means of production can be converted into a certain amount of food energy, and the unit of measurement is the energy unit: Joule. ^[7]

No. 3: "Circulation cannot create value", in fact, all production fields create value

Traditional value theory holds that the use value of an objective thing is only related to the inherent quality characteristics of the thing, and mainly related to the physical or chemical properties of the thing. From this point of view, a series of erroneous conclusions such as "only the industrial sector can produce value and use value", "the circulation field, the tertiary industry, and the management sector do not produce value and use value, they just create conditions for the realization of value" and so on. Obviously, to thoroughly clarify the above misconceptions, we must first conduct in-depth research on the variable factors of use value.

1. Use value function. The value of a thing relative to a subject depends not only on the essential characteristics of the thing itself, but also on the three basic elements of the characteristics of the subject, the characteristics of the object, and the characteristics of the mediator. Just like the gravitation of physics, its size depends not only on itself The quality also depends on the quality of the other party and the distance between the two parties. The quality characteristics of the mediator refer to the quality characteristics of all related things that can affect the interaction between the subject and the object. Among them, the natural and social environmental conditions are the main forms of the mediator, and time and space are the special forms of the mediator. Random The characteristics comprehensively reflect the random quality of the three aspects of subject, object and mediator. Therefore, the use value of things is a complex function composed of six types of variables: object quality characteristics, space characteristics, time characteristics, environmental factor characteristics, subject quality characteristics and random characteristics.

2. Production method of use value. Various industry sectors of the society change the value of social things in their own ways. Among them, the manufacturing industry mainly changes the quality characteristics of materials; the transportation industry mainly changes the spatial characteristics of people or goods; and the business mainly changes the time of goods. Characteristics, spatial characteristics and belonging characteristics; banking industry mainly changes the time characteristics of currency; stocks, securities and futures transactions mainly change the time and random characteristics of currency or commodities; insurance industry mainly changes the random characteristics of things; environmental protection departments mainly It is to maintain and improve the natural environment characteristics of things; the service industry mainly changes the quality characteristics, space characteristics, time characteristics, environmental characteristics, random characteristics, subject characteristics, etc. of comprehensively, scatteredly, randomly, and individually. In order to achieve the purpose of value-added; various political organizations, economic organizations and cultural organizations of the society mainly maintain and change the social and environmental characteristics of things; social management, especially economic management, mainly changes the value of resources in different time, space and environment. Conditions, production areas Consumption, configuration between the main body; and so, they are using to change the value of things from different angles, are involved in the use value of the social process of production. Therefore, the process of creating use value will not only occur in the industrial sector, but also in the non-industrial sector, and with the continuous development of social productivity, the traditional industrial sector will account for a larger proportion of social production. Come lower and lower until it disappears completely. In the future society, the main tasks of the industrial sector in the traditional sense will be directly completed by highly intelligent machines and robots through mechanization, electrification and informatization. People are mainly engaged in information creation, information collection and information processing. ^[7]

The fourth: "The economic field is the field of value production", in fact, the political and cultural fields also produce value.

The traditional view is that only the economic field can create wealth, and the political and cultural fields are only consumption of value, and can only build the necessary social environment for the value creation process in the economic field. In fact, the economic field is only the social production field that directly creates wealth, and the political and cultural fields are the social production field that indirectly creates wealth. It belongs to the broader field of social production. They create wealth in different ways. Tight internal logic relationship.

1. The nature of the economy. The economy is guided by market demand and the basic goal of pursuing the profit rate of economic entities. By adjusting and controlling the proportion of various production factors (factors of production, labor, science and technology, etc.) to achieve the purpose of increasing the value of wealth The wealth added in the economic field is usually distributed according to the value of the production factors involved in the production process.

2. The nature of politics. Politics is power-oriented and pursues the value of a certain social area as the basic goal. By adjusting and controlling the allocation rules of various production factors, it can alleviate social contradictions, reduce social internal friction, coordinate relations between all parties, and balance the interests of all parties. In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of all classes, nationalities, and groups, make full use of limited resources in order to achieve the purpose of sustainable value addition of wealth. The added value generated by the indirect role of wealth in the political sphere is usually allocated according to the influence weight (that is, the power) of various political subjects on the allocation rules of various production factors.

3. The essence of culture. Culture is guided by theoretical basis, and the basic goal is to pursue the long-term value of human society. By adjusting and controlling the allocation rules of various production factors, it is theoretically systematic, conceptually consistent, conceptually continuous, and emotionally oriented. The originality, compatibility of mathematical logic, harmony of natural laws, and consistency of semantic logic, that is, the rules of adjusting and controlling the allocation rules of various factors of production to plan social goals, unify social will, and coordinate Social behavior, integration of social ideas, concentration of social wisdom, and unity of social forces, in order to achieve the purpose of increasing the value of wealth. The value-added generated by the indirect role of wealth in the cultural field is usually distributed according to the content required by various cultural theories and religious concepts (such as the implementation of the rich and strong by the religious beliefs on the poor and the weak). Assistance, and tolerance for others' mistakes).

4. The inherent logical relationship between economy, politics and culture. Economy is the "allocation" of value resources, politics is the "rule of allocation" of value resources, and culture is the "rule of rules" of value resources. Political things are special economic things, and cultural things are special political things. Economy is the "displacement control" for the operation of production factors, politics is the "speed control" for the operation of production factors, and culture is the "acceleration control" for the operation of production factors. Politics is to ensure the sustainable development of the economy, and culture is to ensure the sustainable development of politics and economy. The economy realized the first allocation of new value resources, the politics realized the second allocation of new value resources, and the culture realized the third allocation of new value resources. ^[7]

No. 5: "Labour is the source of value", in fact, information is the true source of value

How does labor create wealth, and what is its internal mechanism? To deeply explore the true source of value, we must thoroughly understand the essential connotation of "value" and the essential characteristics of "information".

According to Shen Long, the founder of "Information Theory," the essence of information is to "remove uncertainty" or "improve certainty." Order "or reduce" disorder ". From the object of description, "order" can be divided into two kinds: material order and energy order. From the description method, "order" can be divided into structural order or functional order. Sex. The order of any dissipative structure should refer to its functional order, rather than its structural order. The objective purpose for humans to obtain and use information is not to abstract the structural uncertainty in an abstract sense. Sexuality lies in actually enhancing one's ability to survive and develop, that is, to enhance its functional order. The nature of information should be understood and defined from its functional characteristics, but not from its structural characteristics. definition. Obviously, for the living organism (ie, dissipative structure), the so-called "order" refers to the order of living functions, not the order of dead structures. Therefore, for human beings, the essence of information is to improve the functional order of the system or to increase the ordered function of the system. According to the physical definition of value, value is an orderly function, and it can be found that the essence of information is "changing the value of the system." This leads to an important conclusion: "Information is the source of all value."

There are two basic ways to generate information: one is biological evolution, and the other is human labor. The original accumulation of information comes from biological evolution. Although this process is very slow and weak, it forms the original basis of value and constitutes the prerequisite for human survival and development. The key to the continuous evolution of living things is the continuous accumulation of biological information. The key to the rapid development of human society is the high-speed accumulation of information and knowledge. For humans, the evolutionary process of their organisms is mainly driven by labor, and their means of living and production are also created through labor; labor promotes the division of hands and feet and enables people to learn to use tools; labor promotion The production of language, the formation and acceleration of the production and dissemination of information. The reason why labor is recognized as the source of value is not because of the abstract definition, but because the evolution of living things is very slow, and the amount of information it accumulates is very weak, which can be basically ignored. Human labor can be regarded as information. From the source of accumulation, labor plays a decisive role in the formation, dissemination, processing, and operation of information (including biological information of the human organism). At this time, "information is the source of all values" naturally translates into "labor is everything Source of value. "

"Creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship" is the value chain process of general industrial development. These three stages are the accumulation of information and the process of continuous accumulation of value. ^[7]

Sixth: "The most important value characteristic of the system is the input-output ratio". In fact, the most important value characteristic of the system is the value rate.

The basic idea of value engineering is to maximize the functional effect with the least cost, so it defines "value" as: "the ratio of the function of the object to the total cost of obtaining the function", that is,

V = F / C (1)

In the formula, V is "value", F is function, and C is cost.

The so-called "cost" of value engineering refers to the consumption of human, material and financial resources. Because different forms of value can be measured uniformly, the so-called "cost" of value engineering is actually the system's input of all value resources. The so-called "functions" of value engineering have complex and diverse expressions, and their descriptions and measurement methods are also very different. It is difficult to compare and measure with each other, but all functions will eventually appear as functions for users (that is, people). That is, for the value of users, since all forms of value can be measured uniformly, the so-called "function" of value engineering is actually the output of the system for all value resources. It can be seen that the so-called "value" of value engineering is actually the ratio of the amount of output of value to the amount of input of value. This is often called the "value input-output ratio".

The "value input-output ratio" description of the system's value characteristics does not take time into account. To this end, the concept of "value rate" is proposed:

Let the value of the input be Qi, the value of the output be Qo, and the time be T, then

P = Qo / Qi × T (2)

Defined as the rate of value.

The theory proves that the higher the value rate of a thing, the higher the value rate of return on that thing, the more people will add additional value resources to the thing, and the existence scale of the thing will grow larger; on the contrary, the The lower the value rate, the lower the value rate of return on the thing, the more people will withdraw the value resources invested from the thing, and the existence scale of the thing will become smaller and smaller until it goes to extinction. Therefore, the decisive factor that determines the fundamental future of a thing's survival and development is not the input-output ratio of the thing, but the value rate of the thing. The decisive factor that determines the fundamental attitude of a person towards a thing is not the input-output ratio of the thing, or The rate of value of the thing.

Value growth rate: The ratio of the value increment of the production system to the amount of input value in a unit time is called the value growth rate, which is expressed by Z, that is,

Z = QoQi / (Qi × T) (3)

It follows that the relationship between value rate and value growth rate:

P = Z + 1 (4)

Obviously, for the economic field, the "value growth rate" is the "profit margin". In other words, the profit rate is the most important value characteristic of the economic system or economic things. It determines the fundamental future of the economic system or economic things, and determines the fundamental attitude of people to the economic system or economic things. Investors always give priority to investing their own funds in production areas that can generate large profit margins, and commodity producers always give priority to the production of products that can generate large profit margins.

The basic idea of value engineering is to obtain the maximum functional effect at the least cost, and the systematic "input-output ratio" cannot comprehensively and accurately reflect the basic idea of value engineering. Only a systematic "value rate" can be comprehensive and accurate To reflect the basic ideas of value engineering. In fact, many non-engineering social systems also hope to obtain the maximum functional effects at the least cost. The pursuit of "maximum value rate" is the basic rule that all social systems (economic, political, and cultural systems) must follow. The "input-output ratio" is not the most important value characteristic of the social system, and the "value rate" is the most important value characteristic of the social system. ^[7]

Seventh: "Emotions have no objective purpose". In fact, emotions are the subjective reflection of the human brain on the value characteristics of things.

Emotion, as two special subjective consciousness of human, must correspond to an objective existence. The objective purpose of values is to identify the value rate of things. It is a subjective reflection of the value rate of things. Under the guidance of values, people can have different selection tendencies for different things.

However, just knowing the value rate of things is not enough. People still ca nt really determine the principles (input direction and scale) of the value resources of things. In fact, when the value rate of a thing is small, people not only do nt invest value resources into it, but also continuously extract the value resources previously invested. Only when the value rate of things is greater than a certain value, talents will continue to Increase the scale of investment in its value resources. This determined value is the "median value rate" of the subject.

Median value rate: According to the value rate of all activities of the subject and the corresponding scale of action, a weighted average value rate can be obtained, which is called the subject's median value rate or average value rate, which is expressed by Po.

"Median value rate" is one of the most important value characteristics of the subject, it reflects the most important aspect of the subject's value creation ability or essential strength-value growth rate, the subject's emotions will use it as a reference system, and determine for all The basic attitude of things: For anything with a value rate greater than its median value rate, the subject will have positive emotions towards it; for anything with a value rate less than its median value rate, the subject will have negative emotions for it. That is, the objective purpose of emotion is to use the median value rate of the subject as a benchmark to identify the difference between the value rate of things and the median value rate of the subject, so as to provide accurate, orderly and appropriate driving for the subject's behavior and thinking activities. force.

Difference in value rate: The difference between the value rate P of a thing and the median value rate Po of the subject is called the difference in value rate of the thing, which is expressed by P, that is,

P = PPo (3)

According to this definition, when the difference in value rate of something is greater than zero, the subject will expand its role scale or increase the amount of value resources input; on the contrary, when the difference in value rate of something is less than zero, the subject will shrink Its role scale or increase its value of resources input. It can be seen that the difference in the value rate of a thing is a very important value characteristic parameter, which fundamentally determines the basic "position, attitude, principle, and behavioral orientation" of the person to the thing, and determines the value of the person to the thing The investment method and investment scale will necessarily reflect the human mind and form a specific subjective consciousness-emotion. To this end, emotions are defined as follows:

Emotion: The subjective reflection value produced by the difference P in the value rate of a person's value of something is defined as the person's feelings about the thing, expressed in .

The logical process of emotion generation: When the value difference of things is greater than zero, people usually have positive emotions (such as satisfaction, happiness, trust, etc.). The greater the absolute value of the value difference, the greater the intensity of positive emotions. The larger, the various activities of inducing, regulating, and controlling people continue to tend to the thing, in order to continuously expand its role scale, the result is that the difference in value rate of things will decrease as the role scale increases, positive emotion The intensity of the decline also decreases; when the difference in value rate of things is less than zero, people usually have negative emotions (such as disappointment, pain, and anxiety). The greater the absolute value of the difference in value rate, the greater the intensity of negative emotions. The larger it is, thereby inducing, regulating, and controlling people's various activities to deviate from the thing in order to continuously reduce the scale of its effect, the result is that the difference in value rate of things will rise with the shrinking of the scale of action, and negative to the emotional The intensity also decreases; when the difference in value rate of things is equal to zero, people usually do not have emotions, thus maintaining the original scale of things.

It should be noted here that the intensity of emotion is not directly proportional to the difference in the value rate of things, but it has an exponential function relationship. The content of human activities is colorful, and the things involved are also complex and diverse. The emotions generated by people for all things can form a complex emotional system, and can be described and calculated using certain mathematical expressions.

In short, the objective purpose of emotion is to guide people how to effectively identify value, express value, calculate value, consume value, and create value in order to obtain the maximum value gain. Reveal the philosophical nature of emotion, establish a mathematical model of emotion, and lay a theoretical foundation for the development and production of emotional robots. ^[7-8]

Engels on Value

Engels on Value (This section selects the "value theory" of the fifth section of the Political Economy of Anti-Durin Theory

one:

After Mr. Du Lin has laid the foundation, he can continue to build. He applied mathematical methods and first provided us with a series of definitions based on Old Euclid's precedent. It is very convenient, because when he defines, he can partially include the arguments that should be proved by definition. In this way, we first see:

The main concept of economics so far is called wealth, and wealth, as it has been truly understood in world history until now, as its field is elaborated, is "the economy of people and things" that power".
This is a double mistake. First, the wealth of the ancient clan communes and rural communes was by no means a domination of people. Secondly, in societies that move in class opposition, if wealth includes the domination of people, then it mainly and almost completely relies on and through the domination of things to dominate people. Since the early days when hunting and exploiting slaves became separate industries, the exploiters of slave labor have had to buy slaves, that is, only through domination of things, through the purchase price of slaves, the means of living and Only by the control of labor materials can we obtain the control of people. Throughout the Middle Ages, the possession of large estates was a prerequisite for feudal aristocracy to obtain acting and peasant farmers. However, even children as young as 6 years old can see that wealth dominates people with the help of what they have.

of two:

Wealth, as the ruler of man, is "predation", and we have encountered a worse version of Proudhon's old idea that "property is theft".
In this way, we are fortunate to look at wealth from the two main perspectives of production and distribution: wealth as domination over things, that is, production wealth, is a good aspect; wealth as domination over people, that is, distribution to date Wealth is the bad side and it should be thrown away! Used in today's relationships, that is: the capitalist mode of production is good and can continue to exist, but the capitalist mode of distribution is completely unsuitable and must be eliminated. When writing about economics, even without understanding the link between production and distribution, such a fallacy will naturally come to mind.
After wealth, the definition of value is as follows:
"Value is the meaning of economic goods and economic services in communication." This meaning is equivalent to "price or any other equivalent name, such as wages."
In other words: value is price. Or, in order not to do anything unfair to Mr. Du Lin, and try to repeat the absurdity of his definition in his own words, it would be better to say: value is all kinds of prices.

Third:

But we still don't know what value is, let alone what value determines. So Mr. Du Lin had to make further explanations.
"Generally speaking, the basic rules of comparison and valuation on which values and various prices expressing this value are based on money, aside from the distribution that only brings the second element to the concept of value, exist first in the field of pure production Medium. The difference in natural conditions makes all efforts to create objects encounter greater or lesser obstacles, and therefore forces people to pay greater or lesser economic power. These obstacles also determine ... greater or lesser value "; and value It is valued according to the "resistance of nature and various conditions to creative activities ... the amount of our own power we put into them" is the general value and the direct existence of a certain quantity Decisive reason. "
If all of this statement has some meaning, then this is: the value of a labor product is determined by the labor time necessary to manufacture the product. This is known even without Mr. Doolin. . He does not simply state the fact, but prefers to mess with it. It is completely wrong to say that the amount of power a person puts into any object (in order to retain this exaggerated expression) is the direct and decisive cause of value and value.

Fourth:

What is all this naive upside-down and distortion for? In order to use "resistance" from "production value", from this real, but until now, only imaginary value, the "distributed value" forged by violence and applicable in history to this day is derived.

According to Mr. Du Lin's opinion, the actual value of an article is composed of two parts: first, the labor it contains, and second, the additional tax forced by the hand-held sword. In other words, the value of existence is a monopoly price.

Five:

Marx started from Ricardo's research and said that the value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary and ordinary human labor embodied in commodities, and labor is measured by the length of labor time. Labor is a measure of all value, but it has no value in itself.

Sixth:

If we assume that Mr. Doolin is expressed in the precise language of economics, then the above sentence is not meaningless at all, or it has the meaning that the value of a commodity is determined by the labor time reflected in the commodity The value of this working time is determined by the value of the means of living necessary to maintain the worker's life during this time. For bourgeois society, this is: the value of a commodity is determined by the wages contained in it.
In this way we finally met what Mr. Du Lin really wanted to say. According to vulgar economics, the value of a commodity is determined by the cost of production.

Seventh:

Readers can choose their favorite value from the five values provided by Mr. Du Lin: the value of production from nature, or the inferiority of man, which is characterized by the force that is not included in man itself The distribution value measured by expenditure, or the third, the value measured by labor time, or the fourth, the value measured by reproduction costs, or finally, the value measured by wages. Really rich choice, full of chaos, we had to shout with Mr. Du Lin:
"The theory of value is the touchstone of the purity of the economic system!" ^[9]