What is the pathophysiology of urinary tract infection?
Pathophysiology of urinary tract infection involves infection of urinary tract organ or urethra, bladder, urethra and kidneys. Although various microorganisms can cause UTI, the pathophysiology of urinary tract infection is similar to each organism. Normal urine is sterile, but when urine infection occurs, microorganisms enter the urethra and can travel up or climb to other parts of the urinary system. It is important to treat UTI to prevent complications. Normal urine is acidic and resistant to bacterial growth and urine flow is always towards the external environment. Other protective mechanisms against bacterial urinary infection include the emptying of the bladder, the presence of contractual muscles called sphincters and the availability of immune cells and antibodies in the mucosa. In men, bacterial growth is minimized.
bacterial substances likeis Escherichia coli (E. coli), can be transferred from the rectum to open urethral, leading to urethral infection. E. coli is an organism that lives in the large intestine and fainted during the defecation. The relationship between the rectum and the urethra explains why UTI is more common in women than in men. In women, the holes of the anal and urethral holes are closer to each other and the length of the urethra is shorter. This leads to simpler bacterial translocation and ascension to the upper parts of the urinary path.
Symptoms vary depending on what is infected with part of the urinary tract. Symptoms of urethra or urethritis can be limited to increased urination frequency to burning pain during urination called dysuria. With the bladder infection cystitis, there may be other symptoms of abdominal and hair pain, as well as low degree fever. Infections of kidney or systemic systematic symptoms of pyelonephritis include high fever, chills, nausea and vomiting. In some cases it canBeing blood in the urine and loss of appetite.
various risk factors contribute to the pathophysiology of urinary tract infection. Congenital anatomical abnormalities and acquired diseases such as kidney stones can predict a person to obtain a UTI. Among sexually active people, the frequency of sexual intercourse and the way of sexual intercourse increases the risk of UTI. In older men, the prostate enlargement prevents urine flow, leading to an increased risk of infection. Immunocompromised states such as diabetes contribute to an increased risk of UTI because the immune cells of the body are unable to fight infection.
UTI treatment usually includes antibiotics such as ko-trimoxazole. It is important to monitor the tune course of antibiotics recommended by a doctor. It is necessary to avoid complications such as scarring of the urethra, restriction and destruction of the kidney parenchyma.