How Are the Steps in Palm Oil Production?

Palm oil is a tropical woody vegetable oil. It is currently the world's largest vegetable oil production, consumption and international trade. It is known as "the world's three largest vegetable oils" with soybean oil and rapeseed oil and has more than 5,000 years. Edible history.

Palm oil is pressed from the palm fruit on the oil palm tree. The pulp and nuts produce palm oil and palm kernel oil, respectively. The traditional concept of palm oil only includes the former. Palm oil can be refined and separated to obtain products with different melting points, which are widely used in the catering industry, food industry and oleochemical industry. Southeast Asia and Africa are the main palm oil producing regions, with output accounting for 88% of the world s total palm oil production. Indonesia, Malaysia and Nigeria are the top three producers in the world. At present, China has become the world's largest importer of palm oil, and palm oil consumption is about 6 million tons per year, accounting for 20% of the total market.

Chinese name: Palm oil
Foreign name: Palm oil
Alias: Palm oil, palm oil

Definition: Tropical woody vegetable oil
Use: Catering, food and oleochemical industries
Production area: Southeast Asia and Africa
Pinyin: zng l yóu

Demand for palm oil

Palm oil is an important part of the world oil market, and its proportion in world total oil production exceeds 30%. Oil palm is a crop that blooms and bears in all seasons and has been harvested for many years. Commercial production of oil palm can last for 25 years!

Affected by the expansion of the global palm oil plantation area and the increase in the area of mature palm oil, global palm oil production continued to increase in 2012, or reached a record high.

At the end of 2012, the domestic palm oil spot market was picking up, mainly because the "two-section" demand started to stimulate terminal traders to speed up purchases. However, at the same time, the domestic palm oil imports to Hong Kong accelerated, far exceeding the increase in demand; the cost of palm oil imports fell, and the long-term expectations are lower.

The main origin of palm oil

Palm oil is also known as palm oil and palm peel oil. The oil extracted from the peel of oil palm fruit is a non-drying oil. Oil palm fruit is native to the west coast of Africa. A large number of Southeast Asian countries began to plant it in the 1970s. By the 1980s, the area and output of oil palm in Southeast Asia had surpassed Africa. In the 1920s, China introduced Hainan Island from Malaysia, and later Taiwan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces and regions all planted it, but the yield was not large. Since the 1970s, palm oil production has been the fastest growing among various vegetable oils and fats. It has become the world's main edible oil and fat and occupies an important position in the international vegetable oil market. Due to the constraints of natural conditions such as climate, China's production development has been slow. A large number of imports began in the late 1980s, and imports accounted for more than 15% of the world's palm oil trade.

Oil palm is the most productive oil-producing plant in the world. In Malaysia, oil palm can currently produce up to about 5 tons of oil per hectare. Oil palm per hectare produces five times more oil than peanuts of the same area and nine times more than soybeans. The average mature palm oil in Malaysia has reached 4.5 tons of palm oil per hectare per year.

Oil palm seeds

Palm oil is a kind of vegetable oil that can partially replace other oils. Soy oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, lard, and tallow can be replaced. Due to the interrelationship between palm oil and various oils and fats, the price of palm oil also fluctuates with the movement of the general price of oils and fats in the world. At the same time, the price of palm oil fluctuates greatly.

Oil palm trees originated in West Africa. Industrial palm oil is red and extracted from palm bark, while palm kernel oil is white and extracted from the inner core. The production process of palm oil and palm kernel oil is complicated. Mainly through the following steps: sterilization, refining, bleaching, deodorization.

Finally, we got palm oil and palm kernel oil before sending it to storage.

The planting of palm trees began in the early 19th century, when the British Industrial Revolution created demand for palm oil for candle manufacturing and machinery lubricants.

Palm oil was first supplied by farmers in West Africa, and in 1848 Dutch colonists brought palm oil cultivation to Java. In 1910, the English colonial Williamson Middleton and the banker Henri May founded Sendama in Malaysia, planting palm trees to produce palm oil.

Palm oil is a major competitor to the world's leading fat and soybean oil. Other competitors include rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil and olive oil. However, for the first time since 2004, total palm oil and palm kernel oil use has exceeded soybean oil, the world's leading edible oil.

China is the world's largest edible oil consumer, with a total annual consumption of more than 25 million tons. The 2013 Central Economic Work Conference put forward a national food security strategy of "mainly based on me, based on the country, ensuring production capacity, moderate imports, and supported by science and technology", which has further aroused public attention to grain and oil products.

Palm oil extraction process

People can obtain palm oil (CPO) and palm meal (PE) from palm pulp through the process of boiling, crushing, and squeezing. At the same time, the fruit of the palm (that is, palm kernel) is separated during the milling process. After crushing and removing the shell, the remaining nuts are squeezed to obtain palm palm oil (CPKO) and palm kernel meal (PKE). The oil palm fruit contains two different oils. Palm oil is obtained from the pulp; palm kernel oil is obtained from palm seeds (kernels), the former of which is more important. All the above products are effectively used in food, chemical, agriculture and other fields. It can be said that palm is a very good economic plant.

After the above-mentioned primary stage extraction, crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil are sent to the refinery for refining. After removing free fatty acids, natural pigments, and odors, they become salad-grade oils-refined palm oil (RBD PO) and palm oil Salad oil (RBD PKO). Refined palm oil is nearly colorless and transparent in the liquid state and nearly white in the solid state. In addition, according to the needs of different users, palm oil can be further fractionated and processed to form palm oleic acid (PFAD), palm liquid oil (OLEAN for short), and palm stearin (STEARINE or ST). Oil palm fruits contain more delipases, so the harvested fruits must be processed or fermented in time. Palm oil is easy to hydrolyze on its own to generate more free fatty acids, and the acid value increases rapidly, so it must be refined Or split.

Palm oil is rich in carotene (0.05% -0.2%) and has a dark orange-red color. This pigment cannot be effectively removed by alkali refining. The color of the oil can be reduced to generally light yellow by oxidation. Palm oil will also gradually discolor under the action of sunlight and air. Palm oil is slightly sweet and has a pleasant violet fragrance. It is semi-solid at normal temperature, and its consistency and melting point largely depend on the content of free fatty acids. In the international market, palm oil with lower free fatty acid content is called soft oil, and palm oil with higher free fatty acid content is called hard oil.

Palm oil

Palm oil nutrition facts

Palm oil contains balanced saturated and unsaturated fatty acid esters. 50% saturated fatty acids, 40% monounsaturated fatty acids; 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The body's digestion and absorption rate of palm oil is more than 97%. Like all other vegetable oils, palm oil itself does not contain cholesterol.

As a highly saturated oil, palm oil has been speculated to increase cholesterol in human serum. However, after further experimental demonstration by many experts, it was found that edible palm oil does not increase cholesterol in the serum, but has a tendency to reduce cholesterol. The reason is that a large amount of research data shows that different saturated fatty acids have different effects on blood lipids. Palm oil It is rich in neutral fatty acids, which promotes cholesterol content in palm oil (1%). Palm oil is rich in natural vitamin E, triene tocopherols (600-1000mg / kg), carotenoids (500 -700mg / kg) and linoleic acid (10%) are very beneficial to human health.

Palm oil characteristics

Palm oil is semi-solid at normal temperature, and its consistency and melting point largely depend on the content of free fatty acids. Low-acid palm oil is often called soft oil, and high-acid oil is hard oil.

1. Contains more saturated fatty acids. Good stability, not easy to oxidative deterioration, high smoke point, so it is suitable for fried food.

2. Palm oil can be separated to separate solid fat from liquid fat. Among them, solid fat can be used instead of expensive cocoa butter as margarine and shortening; liquid fat is used as cold or cooking oil, and its taste is light and refreshing. A large amount of unseparated palm tung oil is used in the soap industry. Palm soap produces durable foam and has strong detergency.

3 Palm oil is rich in vitamin A (500-700ppm) and vitamin E (500-800ppm). In order to further improve the nutritional value of palm oil, research on increasing its unsaturated fatty acid content has been actively carried out, and foreign countries have achieved certain results in this regard.

Fresh palm kernel oil is milky white or yellowish in color, has a solid consistency, and has a lovely cored fragrance. Palm kernel oil is easily oxidized and decomposed during storage, and the smell becomes spicy.

Main uses of palm oil

Palm oil is widely used in the world for cooking and food manufacturing. It is used as cooking oil, crunchy fat and margarine. Like other cooking oils, palm oil is easily digested, absorbed, and promotes health. Palm oil is an important ingredient in fats. It has mild properties and is a good material for making food. From the combination of palm oil, its high solid glycerin content keeps foods from being hydrogenated and stable, and effectively resists oxidation. It is also suitable for hot climates to become a good adjunct for pastry and bakery products. Because of its several properties, palm oil is well loved by the food manufacturing industry.

Malaysia and Indonesia are the world's major producers of palm oil, and palm oil production in these two countries accounts for more than 80% of global production.

58 degrees palm oil :

Quality index: Specific gravity: (60 ° C / 20 ° C water) 0.882, saponification value mgKOH / g: 193, transparency: 80 ° C clear and transparent, odor and taste: inherent odor of palm oil, good taste, color (Rovibond color tank 133.4mm ): Y30, R3.0, moisture and volatiles%: 0.04, impurities%: 0.043, melting point : 57.6, free fatty acid (calculated as palmitic acid) 0.25%, acid value mgKOH / g: 0.40, unsaponifiable%: 1.0, peroxide value meq / kg: 5.26, iodine value (Wechsler method): 40gI / 100g. Fat content%: 99%, palmitic acid (C16: 0) accounts for 67.056%, stearic acid (C18: 0) accounts for 4.905%, oleic acid (C18: 1) accounts for 17.116%, and linoleic acid (C18: 2) accounting for 3.942%. The quality complies with the GB15680-2009 standard requirements. It can be widely used in the chemical industry. It can be used as raw materials for the production of soap, laundry soap, transparent soap, biodiesel, lubricants, papermaking additives, process candles, hydrogenated oil, stearic acid, glycerin, etc.

52 degrees palm oil :

Quality index: (1) Specific gravity: (70 ° C / 25 ° C water) 0.875 (2) Hard value, gI / 100g: 51 (3) Saponification value, mgKOH / g: 189 (4) Transparent odor, good taste (6 ) Color (Lovibond color tank 133.4mm): Y30, R3.0 (7) Moisture and volatile matter%: .07 (8) Impurity%: 0.09 (9) Melting point : 52 (10) Acid value, mgKOH / g : 0.40 (11) unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0 (12) peroxide value, meq / kg: 10, iodine value (Wechsler method): 40gI / 100g.

44 degrees palm oil:

Quality indicators: (1) Specific gravity: (60 ° C / 25 ° C water) 0.880 (2) Hard value, gI / 100g: 53 (3) Saponification value, mgKOH / g: 187 (4) Transparency: 55 ° C clear and transparent (5 ) Smell and taste: gas 06 (8) impurity%: 0.05 (9) melting point : 44 (10) acid value, mgKOH / g: 0.28 (11) unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0 (12) peroxide value, meq / kg: 10.

33 degrees palm oil

Quality index: (1) Specific gravity: (50 ° C / 25 ° C water) 0.893 (2) Hard value, gI / 100g: 54 (3) Saponification value, mgKOH / g: 184 (4) Transparency: 45 ° C clear and transparent (5 ) Odor, taste: odor, 04 (8) impurity%: 0.04 (9) melting point : 33 (10) acid value, mgKOH / g: 0.18 (11) unsaponifiable matter.

24 degrees palm oil:

Quality index: (1) Specific gravity: (40 ° C / 25 ° C water) 0.902 (2) Iodine value gI / 100g: 56 (3) Saponification value, mgKOH / g: 180 (4) Transparency: 35 ° C clear and transparent (5) Odor and taste: Good odor and taste (6) Color (Lovibond color comparison tank 133.4mm): Y30, R3.0 (7) Moisture and volatile matter%: 0.03 (8) Impurity%: 0.03 (9) Melting point : 24 (10) Acid value mgKOH / g: 0.16 (11) Unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0 (12) Peroxide value, meq / kg: 10. It meets the requirements of the new national food standards and can be widely used in the food industry.

Transfiguration

On February 12, 2014, the Civil Aviation Administration of China issued China's first bio-air coal technology standard approval project to Sinopec, marking that China's bio-air coal products with independent intellectual property rights have obtained "tickets" for commercial applications. Biological aviation coal is aviation kerosene produced from renewable resources. The No. 1 bio-aerospace coal that has obtained airworthiness approval this time uses palm oil and catering waste oil as raw materials.

Palm oil storage

In palm oil, acid formation is caused by the hydrolysis of either lipase or fatty acid catalase in palm fruits. In unbroken fruits, free fatty acids are very low, but once the cells are damaged and the fruit lipase is activated, the free fatty acids will rise sharply in the initial stage; after that, the rise of free fatty acids will slow down and stop until the lipase activity is inactivated. The level of free fatty acids in palm oil actually depends on three factors: the degree of immatureness of the fruit (overmature fruit is easily damaged); the extent to which the ear pretreatment (fermentation) is achieved; and the harvest and lipase bluntness The delay time between changes.

It is supplemented with iron removal during oil production, which can indirectly control oxidation. At the same time, attention should be paid to controlling all environmental conditions that promote oxidation of grease. Conveyors and hoists are cleaned regularly; prevent soil and crushed materials brought by the planting land from contaminating the oil. Do not use copper, brass, bronze fittings to prevent contact between copper and oil. The reason is that copper is a strong oxidant. Keep the temperature as low as possible without prejudice to oil extraction. At the same time, try to keep the oil less exposed to the air.

During storage, a freezer can be installed behind the factory's vacuum drying section to reduce the temperature of the oil to 45-50 ° C before entering the storage tank. After filling the oil into the tank, fill the tank with an inert gas (carbon dioxide, nitrogen). Anti-oxidants can also be added to the oil to passivate trace metals to eliminate oxidation during the storage of oil. In addition, when large containers are used for oil storage, oxidation can be controlled and oil splashing during loading and unloading can be reduced.

Precautions during transportation and unloading: First, the coating of the tank is epoxy resin, and the cleaning of the tank must be checked before loading. Second, spray and cover with inert gas. Third, the loading of oil does not splash. Fourth, the oil temperature is maintained at 32-40 ° C during shipping. Heat the oil before loading to increase its temperature, and the rate should not exceed 5 ° C every 24 hours. Fifth, the loading temperature of oil does not exceed 55 ° C. Sixth, when the deodorized palm oil arrives at the end, it is filled there with an epoxy-coated oil tank and filled with nitrogen.

Palm oil production and trade

The global oil market is dominated by four crops: soybeans, palm oil, sunflower seeds and rapeseed. In 2005, global oil production reached 139 million tons, an increase of 9 million tons over the previous year. Global oil demand in the late 1970s was about 51 million tons, which has nearly doubled. Among oils and fats, vegetable oils accounted for 82% of the total oils and fats, and the rest consisted of butter, lard, tallow and fish oil. Although the production of fats and oils has been increasing in recent years, the output of animal fats and oils has remained basically unchanged. The increase in the production of fats and oils has mainly come from vegetable fats. Among all vegetable oils, palm oil has seen the most significant growth in the past decade.

Palm oil production

Palm oil production has increased rapidly in recent years. The reason for the increase in output is the increase in cultivated land area and the increase in production. Before 1989, the global palm oil production was less than 10 million tons, and before 1997, the output had only increased slightly, moving from 10 million tons to 20 million tons. Beginning in 1998, global palm oil production has achieved rapid growth with the rapid growth of palm oil production in Southeast Asia. As of 2006, global palm oil production has exceeded 35 million tons, equivalent to seven times the output of the 1950s. The expansion of the use of edible palm oil and palm oil industry has promoted the rapid increase of palm oil production. The low prices of other oil products and the rapid development of the world and some regions have set off peaks in the use of palm oil, which has promoted The boom of palm plantation in Southeast Asia. In 2015/2016, the total palm oil output was 65.5 million tons; accounting for 35% of the total global oil and fat production, ranking first; followed by soybean oil, with a total output of 53.82 million tons; accounting for 29%; again vegetables Seed oil; total output is 26.5 million tons; it accounts for 14% of global oil and fat production.

About 20 countries in the world are producing palm oil, mainly producing state-owned Malaysia, Indonesia and Nigeria. The total output of these three countries accounts for 88% of the world's total palm oil production.

Palm oil producing countries

Southeast Asian countries belong to tropical rain forest climate or tropical monsoon climate, with high temperatures throughout the year, but abundant rainfall, suitable for large-scale cultivation of oil palm. Malaysia and Indonesia are the two largest palm oil producers in the world. Over the past ten years, Malaysia and Indonesia palm oil production has continued to grow steadily. The palm oil produced by these two Southeast Asian countries accounts for more than 86% of the world's total palm oil production.

1. Palm oil production in Malaysia

Malaysia is the world's largest producer of palm oil, and its palm oil production is close to 45% of the world's total. The planting area of Malaysian palm trees accounts for about one third of the country's arable land, reaching 2.5 million hectares. Malaysia's palm oil production basically hovered around 5 million tons in 1985. In 2005, Malaysia's palm oil production reached a record 15.2 million tons. The output has tripled in the past two decades. The main reason The harvested area has increased significantly. In 2006, Malaysia's palm oil production also remained at about 15 million tons.

2. Palm oil production in Indonesia

In 2005, palm oil production in Indonesia accounted for 41% of global palm oil production. With less and less agricultural arable land suitable for palm tree growth in Malaysia, growth in palm oil production has shifted to Indonesia. Over the past decade or so, Indonesia's palm oil production has also tripled. In 1997, Malaysia s palm oil production was 3.6 million tons higher than Indonesia s, but this gap is gradually narrowing. By 2006, Indonesia s palm oil production had surpassed Malaysia s. Due to the impact of the climate, Malaysia s palm oil yield has fallen, while Indonesian palm trees have entered a peak production period, yields have increased, and plantations have been further expanded. Overall, Indonesia s palm oil production has more growth potential.

Palm oil trade

In the world oil and fat trade field, palm oil usually leads soybean oil and leads the export market. In the 1960s, palm oil was not prominent in the world's oil and fat trade. At that time, the main trade oils were soybean oil and animal oil. By 1993, the situation had changed greatly. The proportion of palm oil trade in the global oil trade increased from 10% in 1970 to 20% in 1977 and reached 30% in 1985. In 1997, the world's total palm oil output was 17.41 million tons, while exports reached 11.346 million tons. As of 2006, palm oil trade accounted for more than 50% of the world's total oil trade.

Malaysia is the world's major palm oil producer and exporter. 90% of its total palm oil production is used for export. Only a small amount of palm oil exported by Malaysia belongs to unrefined crude palm oil. Prior to 1985, Malaysia controlled almost the entire palm oil export market. In 1986, Malaysia s crude palm oil production was 4.54 million tons, accounting for 60% of world palm oil production in the same year, and exporting palm oil accounted for 68% of world palm oil exports. In 1996, the output of Malaysian palm oil was 8.86 million tons, accounting for 53% of the world's total output, and the export volume was 7.325 million tons, accounting for 64% of the world's total export volume. With the increasing share of Indonesia's palm oil exports in recent years, Malaysia's palm oil exports have fallen to about half of the global share. In 2005, total global palm oil exports reached 26.3 million tons, of which Malaysia s palm oil exports reached 13.45 million tons, accounting for 49%, and Indonesia's palm oil exports were 10.3 million tons, accounting for 39%.

The 88% share of the world palm oil export market is tightly controlled by these two major producers. In addition, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Colombia and other countries and regions also produce and export a certain amount of palm oil.

Palm oil consumption

In recent years, the proportion of animal fats consumed in global fats and oils has fallen sharply, from 24% at the end of the 1980s to 17%. However, driven by world population growth and per capita consumption growth, the consumption of vegetable fats has been increasing annually 3- 4% growth. The proportion of regional oil and fat consumption is inclined to developed countries. 75% of the world's population is concentrated in Asia and Africa, but Europe and the Americas, which account for a minority of the world's population, consume 40% of the total oil and fat. With economic development, the potential for oil growth in developing countries is higher than in developed countries.

In 2001, global palm oil consumption was 24 million tons. Since 1995, palm oil consumption has increased dramatically. By 2005, global palm oil consumption reached more than 33 million tons, and consumption growth in five years reached 38%. . In general, consumption of palm oil is mainly concentrated in Asian countries, and the EU has also increased its imports of palm oil to offset the shortfall in rapeseed oil supply due to increased demand from the biofuel industry. The major consumers of palm oil are India, the EU-25, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan. These countries account for 60% of total consumption. As a major consumer, China accounts for 14% of global palm oil consumption and India accounts for 11%. In recent years, China s palm oil consumption has increased the most significantly. In 2001, China s domestic palm oil consumption has just exceeded 2 million tons, and by 2005 it had more than doubled to 4.36 million tons.

Palm oil price trends

In the past 20 years, the price of international palm oil has fluctuated greatly, and the price trend of vegetable oil such as soybean oil is similar. The lowest price of Malaysian palm oil futures price appeared in 1986. At that time, the global oilseed production, especially the US soybean harvest, caused the price of all vegetable oils including soybean oil to be suppressed, and palm oil prices reached a staged low. With the occurrence of several severe climates around the world, including El Niño and La Niña, which have affected global vegetable oil production, palm oil has experienced several large-scale increases, including 1988 and 1994. It rose from below 800RM (MYR) / ton to 1400-1600RM / ton. In 1999, due to continued severe weather, oilseed production was reduced, and vegetable oil supply was tight, but demand has experienced unprecedented growth. The expansion of production is difficult to follow the increase in demand, resulting in palm oil prices reaching a historic high of 2600RM / ton At the end of April 2007, the price of palm oil on Bursa Malaysia was around 2200 RM / ton.

China Palm Oil Market

There are many trading companies in the Chinese palm oil spot market, and the circulation links are well developed. Guangzhou, Zhangjiagang and Tianjin are the major importers of palm oil, and thus radiate to the surrounding areas. Palm oil has two uses in edible and chemical industries, and there are many consumer companies.

Processing and distribution

China's palm oil mainly depends on imports. North China (around Tianjin and Shandong), East China (around Zhangjiagang, Taixing, Ningbo and other areas around Shanghai), and South China (around Huangpu, Shenzhen, and Xiamen and other areas around Guangzhou) are the main imports and processing of palm oil in China. In the sales regions, palm oil imports accounted for 92% of the country's total imports, of which North China accounted for 24%, East China accounted for 34%, and South China accounted for 34%. From the perspective of import ports, Tianjin Port, Zhangjia Port, and Huangpu Port account for 67% of the country's total imports. In addition, Qingdao, Shenzhen, and Xiamen also have relatively large palm oil imports, all accounting for about 5% of the country's total imports. .

There are thousands of palm oil processing (refining, separation, blending) companies in China. Major palm oil processing companies such as Yihai Grain and Oil Industry Co., Ltd. and Tianjin Longwei Grain and Oil Industry Co., Ltd. are basically located in the surrounding areas of major import ports. According to the customs import and export data in 2006, there were more than 50 large-scale oil and fat companies that launched palm oil imports that year, and the import volume accounted for about 60% of the total imports. Oil companies that started direct imports usually refined and separated most of the palm oil. After entering the field of trade again, a small part entered the field of circulation through middlemen.

There are nearly 10,000 palm oil trading companies in China, of which large trading companies import directly from abroad, and then enter the country to distribute through a large number of small and medium distributors. In 2006, there were more than 80 trading companies engaged in the import of palm oil, and the import volume accounted for about 34% of the total import volume. These trading companies generally do not have special storage warehouses, and usually rent storage tanks of oil companies or storage companies.

The surrounding areas of Tianjin, Shanghai, and Guangzhou are not only the main import and trade centers of palm oil in China, but also large palm oil processing companies are mainly concentrated in these areas, which have sufficient palm oil processing and storage capacity.

1. Around Tianjin. The import volume, processing and inventory capacity of palm oil around Tianjin are sufficient. Each major oil company has a processing capacity of about 4,500 tons / day and a tank capacity of nearly 400,000 tons. Palm oil sales in this region include Beijing, Tianjin, most of Hebei, northern Henan, eastern Shandong, most of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, northeast, Gansu, and Shaanxi. In order to obtain lower logistics costs, palm oil processing enterprises are basically built near the port, large ships are conveniently located, and outward transportation mainly through railways and highways, and the conditions are convenient, which is an important distribution center for domestic palm oil.

2. Around Shanghai. The major oil companies around Shanghai have a total refining capacity of about 2,500 tons / day and a tank capacity of nearly 600,000 tons, of which the tank capacity of processing enterprises is about 200,000 tons and the tank capacity of warehouses is about 400,000 tons. The sales area of palm oil in this region is Shanghai, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Henan and Shaanxi. Palm oil processing enterprises in this region have chosen the port industrial development model, mainly distributed in Zhangjiagang, Taixing, Ningbo and other regions. Most ports can dock 30,000 to 50,000 tons of freighters. Among them, the sales to Henan and Shaanxi are mainly by railway, and the sales to other provinces are mainly based on the Yangtze River waterway, which is completed by water transportation, and has a good palm oil distribution function.

3. Around Guangzhou. Palm oil production capacity and tank capacity around Guangzhou are also sufficient. Each major oil company has a refining capacity of about 3,000 tons / day and more than 400,000 tons of tank capacity. These tank capacities are basically distributed in processing enterprises. The region sells palm oil in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou. Palm oil processing enterprises are mainly located in Guangzhou-Dongguan-Shenzhen along the Pearl River estuary. Most ports can dock 30,000-50,000 tons of freighters. Among them, the sales of palm oil in Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces are dominated by water transportation, and they have a certain radiant power in southern Hunan and eastern Guangxi. The sales to other areas are mainly railway and road transportation.

Consumption

Palm oil can be used for both edible and industrial consumption. Statistics from traders show that consumption of palm oil in China is mainly edible, of which 24 degree refined palm oil is the main variety, occupying a market share of 60 %the above.

1. Consumption structure of vegetable oil in China

If the market share is measured by the consumption of various oil products, with 2001 as the watershed, the consumption structure of vegetable oil before and after has changed significantly. Before 2001, the share of various varieties of vegetable oil in the total consumption did not change significantly. The market share in 2001 from large to small was: rapeseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, and small variety oil. After 2001, the consumption share of soybean oil and palm oil has increased significantly, while the consumption share of rapeseed oil, peanut oil and cottonseed oil has declined. By 2013/2014, the market share has gone from large to small, in order: soybean oil, rapeseed oil, Palm oil, peanut oil, other fats, cottonseed oil. The consumption of palm oil has continued to increase. In 2006/2007, the consumption of palm oil has reached 4 million tons. In 2013/2014, the consumption of palm oil has reached 4.7 million tons.

2. Industrial consumption of palm oil

Because China does not implement quota management for palm oil above 44 degrees, this has greatly promoted the import of palm oil above 44 degrees in China in recent years, and the industrial consumption of palm oil has also increased rapidly. Palm oil industry consumption in 2002 was 350,000 tons, and in 2004 it reached 1.2 million tons. From 2002 to 2004, the average annual industrial consumption increased by 420,000 tons. The industrial consumption of palm oil in China is expected to be 1.4 million tons in 2005, an increase of 200,000 tons over 2004.

3 Consumers of palm oil

From the perspective of consumer companies, there are currently thousands of large-scale palm oil consumer companies in China. If you count small companies, there are more than 5,000, mainly in the catering, food processing, and chemical industries. Representative companies include instant noodle manufacturers. Such as the unified food group, Ting Hsin Group, etc., chemical companies such as Guangzhou Procter & Gamble Co., Ltd., Nai Si Yiyang Co., Ltd. and so on. Most consumer companies usually do not import directly, but rely on middlemen to supply. In 2006, there were approximately 30 consumer companies that imported directly, and imports accounted for about 2% of total imports. According to incomplete statistics, on the whole, the proportion of imported palm oil used for commercial circulation is about 80%, and the proportion of direct imports into terminal consumption, processing trade of imported materials, and warehouse re-exports in bonded areas is about 20%.

4 Seasonality of palm oil consumption in China

Due to the relatively high melting point of palm oil, its consumption has a certain seasonality. The consumption in summer is relatively large and winter is relatively small. The seasonality of consumption is directly reflected by the seasonality of imports. From the situation of 2004-2006, the import volume in January and February was relatively small, about 160,000-290,000 tons, and the import volume in June-September was large. August 2004, June 2005, and August 2006 were the months with the largest imports in the year, reaching 410,000 tons, 500,000 tons, and 670,000 tons, respectively.

Palm oil misunderstanding

Palm oil is a mixture of fatty acids. Palm oil with a melting point of 40 degrees (Note: refers to palm oil that needs to reach 40 degrees to melt into a liquid). It can only be used for soap and cosmetics; if the melting point is 24 degrees, it can be used Deep-fried instant noodles and pastries; 12-degree melting point can be used as edible vegetable oil. But the easiest thing on the market right now is palm oil with a melting point of 24 degrees.

Generally, consumers often think that palm oil is similar to coconut oil and also contains higher lauric and myristic acids. This misunderstanding has led many to consider consuming palm oil as "unhealthy." So give palm oil a "bad impression". In fact, the main ingredient in palm oil is palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid). This short-chain saturated fatty acid has less impact on the human body than we think.

Palm oil palm oil and health

CAC: Palm oil is one of 17 vegetable oils with FAO and WHO standards under the leadership of CAC.

Food: Palm oil has been a food for more than 5,000 years.

Saturated fatty acids: Palm oil is made from the pulp of palm fruit by cooking and pressing. Because it does not contain large amounts of capric acid, lauric acid, and myristic acid, and has a lower content of saturated fatty acids, it is significantly different from palm kernel oil and coconut oil.

Unsaturated fatty acids: Palm oil contains a balanced proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, about 44% palmitic acid, 5% stearic acid (both saturated acids), and 40% oleic acid (unsaturated acids). 10% linoleic acid and 0.4% alpha-linolenic acid (both are polyunsaturated acids).

Cholesterol: Like other vegetable oils, palm oil does not contain cholesterol.

Cooking oil: Today, palm oil is used worldwide as a cooking oil, margarine, and shortening, and is also added to blending oils and various foods.

Trans fatty acids: For most foods, palm oil does not require hydrogenation and therefore does not produce trans fatty acids.

Vitamin A source: Refined palm oil is rich in tocopherols and tocotrienols, and has functional activity of vitamin E in foods. Red palm oil is rich in carotenoids and can be used as a source of vitamin A.

Cyclic polymer: Palm oil does not require hydrogenation to be a good frying oil. It s not like e.g. soybean oil, jade

Palm (5 photos)

Unsaturated oils such as rice oil and sunflower oil are not easily oxidized and can resist the formation of polar components and cyclic polymers.

Edible oil: Palm oil, like other common edible oils, is a source of heat and is easy to digest, absorb and use. In Europe, the United States, and Asia, many recent studies have confirmed that when palm oil is used to replace most other fats in the diet, total cholesterol in the blood does not increase significantly.

High-density cholesterol: In the above-mentioned studies, the high-density cholesterol that is beneficial to the human body is significantly increased or unchanged. Lipoprotein in plasma is the main risk indicator of coronary heart disease. When palm oil is used as the main dietary fat, this index is significantly reduced.

Cholesterol improvement: Palm oil has been proven to be an essential component in today's dietary recommendations to achieve a balanced ratio between saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. When people have such a balanced ratio of fatty acids, the overall cholesterol ratio improves.

Carotene: Other components contained in palm oil: carotenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols have health-friendly properties including antioxidant, anti-cancer, and cholesterol lowering. In addition, carotenoids in palm oil have the biological activity of a source of vitamin A.

Palm oil production products

Palm liquid oil : Palm liquid oil is the liquid portion that is extracted from the palm oil after it is crystallized by controlling the temperature. Palm oil is the main oil in the world oil trade. Take 2004 as an example, Malaysia alone exported 6.1 million tons of palm liquefied oil, while the total export volume of sunflower oil in 2004 was 2.7 million tons. The physical properties of palm oil are different from palm oil. In warm weather, it is completely liquid, and the composition range of glyceride is narrow, which can be well blended with any vegetable oil. The two main grades of palm oil produced in Malaysia are: standard palm oil and secondary fractionated (super) palm oil. The second extraction palm oil has a lower cloud point. Standard bulk palm oil is still produced in bulk as bulk.

For palm oil, the characteristics of liquid oil have been tested and studied carefully to form the Malaysian palm liquid oil standard MS: 816: 1991.

Palm stearin: Palm stearin is a solid fraction that is separated after the palm oil is frozen and crystallized. It is therefore a by-product of palm oil. Although the amount of stearin is relatively small (the ratio of stearin to liquid is about 25:75). However, it occupies a major position in international trade. In international trade in 2003, Malaysia alone exported 1.48 million tons of palm stearin. The physical properties of palm stearin and palm oil are very different. It has a wide range of melting points and iodine values. However, it is important that the range of properties of stearin can be reduced. Many suppliers can provide low, medium, and high hardness palm stearin based on established sliding melting points and iodine values. For shortening, margarine for pastries, and Indian margarine, palm stearin is a good natural raw material. Among animal feeds and oiled products, palm stearin is also the best choice. It can also be used in soap instead of cow tallow.

Properties: The chemical and physical properties of palm stearin have been determined by the former Malaysian Palm Oil Research Institute after extensive testing and have formed the Malaysian standard MS815: 1991

Palm kernel oil: It is made from palm kernels and its composition is very different from palm oil. Its composition and characteristics are very similar to coconut oil. Unrefined crude oil is slightly yellow, and bright-colored palm kernel oil can be obtained simply by refining. It is suitable for both food and non-food applications. The melting point of the fatty acid component of palm kernel oil is between 25.9-28.0, and the iodine value is 16.2-19.2. The fatty acid composition range is C6-C20. The fatty acid type is mainly lauric acid, which accounts for about 46% -51% of the total composition. The main triglyceride components are C36 and C38, the others are less than 10%. When the ambient temperature is below 28 ° C, palm kernel oil is in a semi-solid state. At a lower temperature, the solid content is higher, but when the temperature is increased to 30 ° C, the solid content will decrease rapidly. Oils with steep solids content curves are well suited for confectionery applications.