What Are the Steps in Poultry Processing?

Poultry refers to artificially reared bird animals, mainly for their meat, eggs and feathers, but also for other uses. Generally it is a family of pheasants and ducks, such as chicken, duck, goose, etc. There are also birds of other families, such as turkey, pigeon, quail and various songbirds.

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All domestic chicken breeds in the world originate from red raw chickens

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Poultry Domestication Research

Holly Miller, an archaeologist at the University of Nottingham, points out: "No one has ever considered chickens, which is a huge mistake." She is one of 24 researchers from anthropologists to geneticists. ^[2]

Greger Larson, another evolutionary geneticist at Durham University, is a senior scientist on the project. He said that domestication researchers often ignored chickens and turned to other domesticated animals, such as dogs, cattle, and pigs. ^[2]

But Larson points out that no domesticated animal has been so extensively transformed and reshaped by humans as chickens. This animal is raised for food, egg laying and fighting. In a particular acoustic breed, these animals were even tied to the masts of Polynesian ships as horns. "Chickens are 'scholars'," he said. ^[2]

By studying the DNA in ancient chicken remains, Larson discovered in 2013 that modern chickens are actually deceptive. Previous research has compared the DNA of modern chickens to guinea fowl that contributed to the gene pool of early chickens, such as raw chickens. Studies have shown that two genetic variants that are common in modern chickens never existed in guinea fowl. ^[2]

When present in two copies, one of the genetic mutations caused modern chickens to grow their common yellow skin and legs after eating carotenoid-rich foods; this feature is very common in European chickens. Another is a mutation in the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene, which changes the chicken's seasonal mating pattern so that it can lay eggs throughout the year. This variation is common in modern chickens, such as Rhode Island red and broilers. ^[2]

Because these mutations are common in modern chickens, Larson's research team and other scientists have speculated that humans have affected these characteristics by selective breeding early in the domestication process. However, chicken DNA recovered from archeological sites throughout Europe (from 280 to 1800 BC) completely overturned this assumption. In a study published last month, the Larson research team reported that none of the 25 ancient chickens had yellow legs, and of the 44 wild birds, only 8 carried two copies of the TSHR mutation. . Therefore, even 200 years ago, the chickens of the time were probably very different from today's chickens. ^[2]

With the help of other "henhouse" members, Larson is trying to figure out the broader evolutionary dynamics that have shaped modern chickens. For example, he wanted to determine why chickens could not be eliminated by the disease. This may be due to their very rapid selection capabilities-mostly from the 20th century-leading to inbreeding and the reduction of their ability to respond to infectious diseases by cutting back on immune genes. ^[2]

Other members of the "henhouse" are figuring out the different characteristics of this bird's past. Using chemical isotopes in bones and eggshells, Miller intends to analyze the food of ancient chickens to reveal information about the resources available to those who raise chickens. Another University of Leicester research team compared the bones of archaeological sites with the bones of modern chickens. Understanding the pathological characteristics of modern chickens can be used to determine disease and breeding changes over time. ^[2]

Poultry- related significance

John Hutchinson, an evolutionary biomechanist at the Royal Veterinary College in London, believes that better understanding of poultry history will help people deal with some of the problems facing the chicken and poultry industry, such as bird flu and weak lower limbs in broilers. He pointed out that studying ancient chickens will help people "update the genetics of broilers." In April, a meeting held by Hutchinson-"Towards the Future of Chickens"-aimed at solving these problems. "Science brings us into this problem through strong choices," he said, "and it can also help us solve this problem." ^[2]