What Is the Fishing Industry?

The English name of fishery: fishery Other name: aquatic product industry Definition 1: It is the social industry sector in which human beings use the material conversion function of living organisms in the water to obtain aquatic products through fishing, breeding and processing. Subjects: Fisheries (a first-level discipline); Basic aquaculture science (a second-level discipline) Definition 2: The field of fish and other fishing, breeding or processing production. Subjects: Resource Science and Technology (first-level discipline); Animal Resource Science (second-level discipline).

Chinese name: Fishery
Foreign name: fishery
Other name: Aquaculture
Foreign name: aquatic product industry

Function: Provision of food and industrial raw materials
Japanese: Fishery
Classification: Marine fishing, freshwater fishing
Classification: Aquaculture, fishing

Fisheries Introduction

Fishery Fishery refers to the social production sector that captures and breeds fish and other aquatic animals and aquatic plants such as seaweed to obtain aquatic products. Generally divided into marine fisheries and freshwater fisheries. Fisheries can provide food and industrial raw materials for people's lives and national construction.

The social production sector that develops and utilizes waters, collects fisheries and artificially breeds a variety of economically valuable aquatic plants to obtain aquatic products. It is an important part of general agriculture. According to the waters, it can be divided into marine fisheries and freshwater fisheries; according to production characteristics, it is divided into aquaculture and fishing. Fisheries in a broad sense also include: the direct pre-production sector of fisheries. Production and supply department for fishing vessels, fishing gear, fishing equipment, fishing machinery and other means of fishing production. Direct post-fishery sector. Department of storage, processing, transportation and sales of aquatic products. The main characteristics of fisheries production are based on various waters, with renewable aquatic economic animal and plant resources as the object. It has obvious regional and seasonal characteristics, and the primary products are fresh, perishable and commercial. Fishery is an important sector of the national economy. The rich protein content provides 6% of the world's total consumption and 24% of animal protein consumption. It can also provide high-quality fertilizers for agriculture, refined feed for animal husbandry, and important raw materials for food, medicine, and chemical industries. China's coastline of more than 18,000 kilometers has a vast continental shelf and tidal flats, 200,000 square kilometers of fresh water, and more than 1,000 aquatic animals and plants with high economic value. It has good natural conditions and broad prospects for the development of fisheries.

English: fisheries

Marine fisheries: marine fisheries

Freshwater fisheries: freshwater fisheries

Capture fisheries: capture fisheries

Aquaculture: aquaculture

Fisheries Fisheries

Fishery science is the science that studies fishery production, fishing, and breeding. Knowledge of biology, ecology, oceanography, economics, and management. The broader also includes aquatic machinery and aquatic product processing. Due to the abundance of fish in the ocean, the excessive consumption of terrestrial animal meat products threatens human health, and fish resources have gradually become the main source of protein for people. Overfishing is also drawing attention, and aquaculture is becoming a rising industry globally.

Fishery is an important part of China's national economy. China is the world's largest fishery producing country. Since the reform and opening up, fishery production has increased rapidly. The world s fishery output except China has been stable and gradually declined since the 1980s Trend, and China has ushered in the great development of fishery after the reform and opening up. In 2003, China's total fishery output was 47.046 million tons, an increase of 3% over the previous year. Of the total output, 16.492 million tons of fishing output, accounting for about 35% of the total output. Fisheries play a vital role in China's rural development and increase farmers' income. It has an important impact on China's food security. Fisheries are also an important channel for China's exports to earn foreign exchange. In addition, rationally developed fisheries are also important for biodiversity. significance.

China's total fishery production has been increasing year by year, but the growth rate has been decreasing year by year. The fishing industry first experienced a period of rapid growth from the 1980s. This was mainly due to the economic system reform that broke the shackles of the planned economy, gave the microeconomic sector the right to operate autonomously, improved economic efficiency, and brought about a large increase in fisheries. development of. The growth slowed abruptly from the end of the 1980s to the beginning of the 1990s. This is because the growth momentum brought about by the reform of the economic system has weakened, and other factors are needed to increase output. Since then, with the development of industrialization of the fishery industry, the improvement of fishing technology has brought a new climax of fishery production growth. And by the end of the 1990s, the growth rate of fishery production had dropped significantly.

The decline in fishery production, especially in fishing, is caused by a variety of reasons, including population growth, construction of offshore projects, and excessive emissions of pollutants to the sea. The most important reason is the overfishing caused by the lack of management of fishery resources, the expansion of fishing areas and the increase of fishing intensity, which has caused serious damage to fishery resources. Although fishery resources are renewable resources, their use is not unlimited. The characteristic of fishery resources is that when the catch does not exceed its self-renewal amount, stable output can be obtained. Once it exceeds its self-renewal capacity, the yield will decline. This situation will continue to cause the entire species to lose regeneration Ability to become a non-renewable resource. The report of the World Food Organization shows that over-exploitation of fishery resources is common in all parts of the world. In the Northwest Pacific Ocean where China is located, 8% of the fishery resources have reached the level of depletion, which is not a form of fishing flood. Under development status, the output has reached its limit; only 16% of fishery resources are under moderate development. The situation in China's offshore waters is even more serious due to geographical characteristics.

Fishery Chinese fishery

After the rapid development period since the reform and opening up and the adjustment and rectification in recent years, China's fishery has entered a continuous, stable, and healthy stage. Its main characteristics are as follows:

Significantly improved industrial quality

The industrial structure was further optimized, and the industrial quality was significantly improved. Since the reform and opening up, due to China's reform of the fishery economic system and price system, it has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of fisher farmers to develop production, which has brought China's fishery to a stage of rapid development, and aquatic product output has increased significantly. Ranked first in the world for more than ten consecutive years, the development of fishery has not only met people s demand for aquatic products, expanded aquatic product exports, but also made important contributions to adjusting and optimizing the agricultural industrial structure and increasing the income of fishermen. . In recent years, with the continuous development of the industry, China s fisheries economic growth mode has begun to undergo a major change. From pure pursuit of production growth in the past, it has shifted to focus more on the improvement of quality and efficiency; and on the sustainable development of resources. In order to alleviate the pressure on the resources caused by the rapid growth of marine fishing production and implement strategic adjustments to the structure of marine fisheries, starting from 1999, the goal of zero growth in marine fishing production was first proposed, and then the target of negative growth was further proposed for marine fishing Intensity has implemented a strict control system. Since 2002, in order to mitigate the impact of the implementation of the new marine system on China s marine fisheries, the state has implemented a project for the conversion of marine capture fishermen into production and trade. Exit from marine fishing. In recent years, the growth rate of China's aquatic product output has remained at about 3-4%, showing a stable development trend; among them, the growth rate of aquaculture output has been relatively large. And the catch has started to show a downward trend. In 2002, the total output of aquatic products reached 45.65 million tons, an increase of 4% over the previous year, of which 14.33 million tons of marine fishing output, a decrease of 22% over the previous year.

As the state has increased investment in fishing port and fishery infrastructure construction and supported it in industrial policies, the overall quality and modernization level of China's fishery have improved to a certain extent. At the same time, due to the adherence to market orientation, the product structure and production methods have been implemented in a timely manner. The adjustment and the quality of products have been paid close attention to, which has significantly improved the efficiency of fisheries, and the fishery output value and fishermen's income have increased significantly.

Significant improvement in aquaculture quality and benefits

Aquaculture continues to maintain a rapid development trend, and the quality and benefits of development have significantly improved. At present, China's aquaculture industry has shifted from pursuing the expansion of aquaculture area and increasing aquaculture production in the past to shifting more emphasis on the adjustment of species structure and the improvement of product quality. New breeding technologies and new breeds are continuously introduced, the breeding field is further expanded, the scale of famous and excellent aquaculture products is continuously expanding, the mode of factory breeding and ecological healthy breeding is rapidly developing, the development of deep-water cage culture is growing rapidly, and the scale of the breeding industry The degree of intensification and intensification has gradually increased. In 2002, the area of aquaculture reached 68.15 million hectares, and the aquaculture output reached 29.09 million tons, respectively, an increase of 2% and the peaceful settlement of the previous year. The aquaculture output accounted for 64% of the total aquatic product output, of which the aquaculture of famous and special aquatic products Area and aquaculture production have increased significantly.

The quality of offshore fishery development has been further improved

Trade in aquatic products has continued to increase, and the quality of offshore fishery development has further improved. In recent years, with China's entry into the WTO, China's fishery has become more open to the world's fishery development pattern. With the implementation of the national ship reduction and conversion plan and the development of preferential policies for the development of offshore fisheries, ocean fisheries, especially the high seas fisheries, have developed rapidly. The number of fishing vessels and the benefits of enterprises have continued to increase, and management has become more standardized. Currently, there are more than 1,800 in China. Ocean-going fishing vessels operate in the three oceans of the world and in the waters under the jurisdiction of more than 40 countries and regions. At the same time, the international trade of aquatic products in our country has also developed rapidly in recent years. The export market of advantageous aquatic products has basically formed, except for Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and other traditions. In addition to the export market, exports to the United States, the European Union, and other countries and regions have also increased significantly; an international market structure dominated by developed countries and regions has been formed. In 2002, China's total foreign trade in aquatic products was 45.76 million tons. The trade value is US $ 600 million, of which exports are 2.085 million tons and the export value is US $ 4.69 billion. Aquatic products have become the key products for foreign exchange earning agricultural products, especially in the export of cultured aquatic products; eel, shrimp, shellfish, tilapia, Big yellow croaker and river crab are famous and competitive in the international market.

Fisheries resources and ecological environmental protection continue to increase

Fisheries resources and ecological environmental protection have been continuously strengthened. While the industry is developing, the Chinese government attaches greater importance to the protection of fishery resources and the ecological environment. It has implemented a strict no-fishing period and no-fishing period system, strictly controlled fishing intensity, carried out large-scale reduction of fishing vessels, and protected the resources and ecological environment. Had a positive impact. Since 1995, the Chinese government has fully implemented the off-season fishing system in the East Yellow Sea. Since 1999, the scope of the off-season fishing has been extended to the South China Sea. At present, the coast of China has fully implemented the off-season fishing system for 2-3 months. It has reached more than 110,000 ships and involved more than 1 million fishermen. The system has been in operation for 9 years and has achieved good ecological, economic and social benefits; it has played an important role in the cultivation and conservation of fishery resources. Since 2002, China s Yangtze River Basin has implemented the fishing ban for the first time; the fishing ban was further expanded in 2003; the current fishing ban includes the Yangtze River below the Jinsha River section and major rivers and lakes, involving more than 50,000 fishermen. China's major lakes have also generally implemented a fishing ban system, and some have banned fishing for up to six months. Qinghai Lake has implemented a ten-year lake closure ban since 2001. All localities have also stepped up their investigations and punishments for illegal operations such as electricity, frying, and fish, and strengthened the protection and management of aquatic wildlife. Based on this, they have also actively carried out fishery resource enhancement and release and artificial fish reef construction; Fishery resources. Improving the ecological environment of fishery waters has played a positive role.

Fishery production analysis

Ocean fishery production: The ocean fisheries enterprises and production units shall organize the ocean fishery (teams) to fisheries production in non-Chinese jurisdiction waters (foreign exclusive economic zone waters or high seas) according to the Chinese ocean fishery project management measures. The aquatic products caught by Sino-foreign joint ventures and cooperative fishing vessels are only counted according to the agreement, which should belong to the Chinese side.

In 2011, China's total output of aquatic products was 56.0321 million tons, an increase of 4.28% over the previous year. Among them, aquaculture production was 40.232 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 5.08%; fishing output was 15.7995 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 2.32%. The proportion of aquaculture products and fishing products is 72:28. China's per capita possession of aquatic products is 41.59 kg, an increase of 1.52 kg and 3.79% over the previous year.

Of the total output, the output of seawater products was 29.008 million tons, accounting for 51.90% of the total output, an increase of 3.95% year-on-year. Among them, marine fishing output was 1241.94, a year-on-year increase of 3.19%; offshore fishery production was 114.7, a year-on-year increase of 2.81%; freshwater product output was 26.916 million tons, accounting for 48.10% of the total output, a year-on-year increase of 4.65%.

In terms of different regions, the provinces and cities where China's aquatic product output exceeds 1 million tons include Shandong, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hubei, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui, Hainan, Hebei, Sichuan and other provinces and cities.

Shaanxi Fishery

Shaanxi Province is located in the inland areas. It has neither vast ocean waters nor large-scale fishing grounds and fishing tools. The province's fishery production is behind the coastal provinces.

In 1949, the province's water conservancy construction was greatly developed, and many fish farms (including state-owned and private) and fish farms using ponds, reservoirs, and paddy fields were successively built in the Guanzhong Plain, but the scale was small and the output could only make the people fresh in the four seasons. Just eat the fish.

The fishery production of rivers, rivers, lakes and ponds is the most representative area in Shaanxi. It is located along the Han River in southern Shaanxi, especially in Hanzhong and Ankang areas. The people have a long history and rich experience in fish farming and fishing.

In southern Shaanxi, the climate is humid and warm, with rivers and rivers spreading and lakes all over. It is an excellent area for fish to live. For example, the people along the Han River have fishing gear in their homes, and everyone will fish, fish, and catch fish. People take pleasure in swimming and fishing, and they are sincere in catching fresh fish.

Fishing tools: can be summarized into four categories: boat, net, right and hook. The ships are divided into "family boat", "fishing boat" (also known as "shuttle boat"), "old crow boat" and so on. The network is divided into "end network", "horn network", "pulled network", "sticky network" and so on. Hooks are divided into "single hook", "eagle hook", "chain hook" and so on. The power is divided into "single power", "dual power", "hook right" and so on.

There are many fishing methods, such as "fishing, fishing, fishing, fishing, fishing, fishing, fishing, etc."

A "family boat" is generally a boat measuring one foot eight feet (6 meters) long, six feet (2 meters) wide, and one foot of "draft". The left and right strings are called "boat gangs", the bow is square (flat), the stern is "swallowtail", the double angles are upwards, and the paddles (commonly known as "") are placed on the tail. Except for the bottom of the ship, the upper deck is paved with wooden boards, and the lower deck is called "cabin." The board is covered with a "leaf shed" or wooden house (about 1/2 of the total area of the boat) as the accommodation, and a stove is placed at the stern for cooking. The whole family eats, lives, and produces on the boat, so it is called a "family boat." There were many such ships before 1949, and some of their ancestors lived on fishing for generations. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government built houses for fishermen, and some of the land was changed to a "agricultural and fishery" home.

A "fishing boat" is smaller than a "family boat". A boat is eight or nine feet long and three feet wide. It has no shed and is light and flexible. Generally, it is performed by one or two people, that is, one person stands on the bow of the boat and holds a "horn net" or exercises power, observes or casts a net, and throws a twig to fish; one person holds a boat at the stern. This kind of "fishing boat" is mostly driven by young people; there are husbands and wives, brothers and sisters, and young men driving boats and casting nets. This kind of "fishing boat" is mostly for agriculture and fishery, with agriculture as the mainstay. During farming leisure, the couple (or one) carried the net on their shoulders, talked and laughed, and disembarked the ship; the boat wandered the river for a while, swam the shore, cast a net, or threw a branch. Some people can estimate the size of the fish when they find the water splash or the waves in front of the boat. If a branch flies out, they can pull up the fish. There are many such "flying fork hands" on the Han River.

The "Old Crow Boat" consists of two rectangular "wood buckets" that are about four feet long, about one foot wide, and about one foot deep, and two wooden bars that are about four feet long. "It is about a foot away from each other to form a square" boat "called an" old crow ship ". This type of boat can only be driven by one person. The fisherman has his legs separated, his feet standing on the inner edge of the double bucket, and holding a bamboo stick in his hands. He can dial the water left and right to change the direction of the boat, and can also be used as a tool for catching the water crow (that is, the osprey). A few (usually four to five) Osprey stood on the edge of the boat. This specially domesticated osprey has a hook at the tip of the mouth, sharp eyesight, swims fast, and is good at diving and catching fish. Whenever a fish was found, the old crow dived into the water immediately. After a while, or a crow carrying a small fish on board, or three or two crows carrying (large) a larger fish out of the water and throwing the fish in the boat, it was very interesting. During the fishing, the boat driver continuously sipped "Gong Gong" to drive the crows into the water. When the boat was picked up in the evening or rushed during the day, the driver's shoulder bar "old crow boat" (like a burden, carrying the horizontal bar in the middle of the double bucket), the old crows stood high on the bucket, which was quite interesting.

"Horn net", also known as "spread net", is woven with twine, with different mesh sizes and different net coverage areas (now using nylon wire for weaving). network". The most common net, with a diameter of about seven feet, has "iron pendants" hanging from the sides. Such nets are mostly used by "fishing boats" and "runners".

"Run beach" refers to fishermen who have no fixed place. People in southern Shaanxi love fishing and catching shrimp. Many people like to wear straw hats, hang a bamboo basket around their waists, carry "horn nets", walk through trenches, ponds, and river beaches, and cast nets for fishing, which is called "running beaches".

The "end net" is shaped like a basket. The old thorn rattan plate bend is used as the network gang, which is called "end handle", also known as "net port". Nets woven with twine are covered with nets, and the lower ends of the nets are collectively called "net bottom". Holding the net to help you lift it up, such as carrying a large cormorant. This kind of net is mostly used for fish in ponds, ditches and backwater beaches. It is also the simplest tool for shallow water fishing.

"Pull net", also called "river net", there is a float on the net (commonly known as "drifter"), and there is a "drop" under the net. The net is made of a hemp rope (currently both the net and the rope are made of nylon thread) ) In series. When fishing, first attach one end of the net rope to a tree or a wooden stake or stone pile on the shore, and drag the other end from the boat to the other side. Throw the net while the boat is moving, so that the net forms a wall or a surrounding circle. , Place the fish ring in the net, then gradually reduce the surrounding circle to collect the fish. This kind of net is mostly used in rivers and large reservoirs. When closing the net, everyone will take the initiative to help and pull the net together. "Lanet No." often follows the rise and fall of the net, and is extremely magnificent and nice.

"Dustpan net" is a special "net" for farmers in mountainous areas to fish in small rivers and streams. Most of these nets are woven from bamboo (also woven from twine), shaped like a dustpan, and easy to fish. As long as you are optimistic about the terrain, plant a few wooden stakes at the rapids (the terrain is high and low), use a bamboo pole to raise the net, and the dustpan mouth is upward. As long as the downstream fish enters the dustpan mouth, there is no possibility of backflow. Now, you can only circle in the bottom of the dustpan. People often set up their nets in the afternoon and go fishing the next morning.

In summer and autumn, the big fish in the river like to go up against the current at night, and enter the ditch, Han, and stream to "swing seeds" (ie, ovulation). People set up nets in the middle of the night, and one guarded the nets and strengthened the nets to prevent the fish from running away. This person was called a "fish judge". One person held a "papaya hammer" (a three-foot-long wooden stick was used as a handle, and a stick was installed horizontally as a hammer), and the fish was driven from the upstream to the downstream (that is, smashed in the water with the "papaya hammer"). Called "fish imp".

"Fishing" is a common hobby of the people along the Han River. During agricultural leisure, people are accustomed to either sideline or entertainment; hanging fish baskets on the waist, holding fishing rods in hand, wearing straw hats or pulling a few wicker (with green leaves) into wicker hats to wear on their heads, go to rivers, ditch Cormorants, ponds, and poolside fishing. Even in the busy season of the farm, some people will go to work and take time to pull some poles in order to improve their lives or visitors at home. Among the anglers, there are many experts, masters and "fish champions". Some people are "not prepared for the net and power, a fishing rod 'breaking the world'". This kind of people all have a set of fishing skills, as long as they go fishing, there will be gains. Therefore, it is called "Shenyu".

These "sports fishing" have studied the water, grass habits, appetite and hobby of various types of fish, and when shallow fishing is needed. For example, their habits on fish are summarized as: "white strips sloping in the water (flowing water), carp lying on the deep beach (deep water), catfish drilling mud, catfish grass bushing (where there is waterweed)", etc. Fish food: "Tuanyu loves bloody foods (such as earthworms), catfish loves to swallow oil (food bait), river carp happy pasta, grass carp swallows whenever they eat" and so on.

"Fishing fish", also known as "catch fish", is another fishing method and custom of the southern Shaanxi people. "Touching fish" means catching fish with bare hands in the groundwater without any fishing tools. Fish-seekers are mostly for entertainment and recreational purposes; if caught, they can enjoy a mouthful, but it doesn't matter if they don't. Many people go to rivers, creeks, and ditches to watch and observe fish in the gaps between stones and grasses during their breaks. Many people have loved fish touching since they were young, and have mastered a set of fish touching methods. Whenever summer and autumn, you will see some children with bare buttocks on the banks of some rivers in the south of Shaanxi. They will dive into the water and float on the water with their fish in their hands and their companions. Scenes of playfulness. They strung the fish they felt with a fine wicker and put them in the grass, and when they were in full play or late at night, they carried the skewers home.

"Hanshui Fishing Song" is also called "Hanshui Love Song". Whether it is a young man, a big girl driving an Osprey boat, or an old man fishing, he likes to sing. Its words are catchy, funny and witty. Some sing happy lives, praise mountains and rivers, and make progress; others express friendship and love. The form is lively and the rhythm is smooth, as clear as the water of the Han River, quiet, roundabout, and unrestrained. Others praised it for being so generous and beautiful as the girl in Hanshui Basin.

The bright red sun shines, the golden flowers and silver flowers spread across the river, and a few nets are thrown down the river early in the morning. Rice, noodles, oil, and salt come together, and the fishermen are more comfortable. Hi Yoyo, Loyoyo, fishing down the river gully every day; fishing for fresh fish, good wine, and sleeping in the fifth place, where is life like this !? Across the strait laughed across the hill, I drove a small boat; the laundry girl if Would like to have one, go down to the river to fish, and make peace forever. Mountain to mountain, water to water, rootless flowers and trees will wither; Mo Dao, I ca nt hear what I say, how can chicks fly with Phoenix, and then let s dry up! Mountain to mountain, cliff to cliff! Come, pierce the sky in the water, the blossoming Yinhua River surface opens. East of the Han River goes back to the sea, and the playing water is close to each other. Although the little fisherman is not talented, he is willing to accompany the fisher girl!

Fishery iceland fishery

Fishery is the pillar industry of Iceland's national economy. Seafood accounts for almost 50% of the total value of exports and services, and about 73% of the total value of its exports.

In 2009, the fishing volume was 1.126 million tons, and the main fish species were cod, capelin and haddock; the output value accounted for 7.7% of the GDP; the vast majority of fishery products were exported, and the export value accounted for 41.6%.

The surrounding waters of Iceland are suitable for the proliferation of a variety of marine life, and the marine fishery resources are extremely rich. The annual catch is about 2 million tons, and it is a world-renowned fishing nation. There are many kinds of aquatic products in Iceland. In addition to shrimp and crab, there are salmon, herring, sea urchin, sea cucumber and so on. One of the biggest features of Iceland's fisheries management is the country's implementation of a fishing quota system.

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Fisheries

Fishery fishing and breeding

Japan customarily divides fishery production into marine fishing (including ocean fisheries, offshore fisheries, and coastal fisheries, which are actually roughly equivalent to marine fishing and ocean fishing in China's fishery division), marine aquaculture, freshwater aquaculture, and freshwater fishing.

Marine fishing has historically been the leading industry in Japanese fisheries. Despite continuous reductions, more than 80% of the output is still derived from marine fishing. Sorted by production size, the main species caught are tuna, catfish, salmon, trout, sardines, horse mackerel, mackerel, saury, cod, mackerel, squid, etc. Compared with 2004, Japan s mackerel production increased significantly in 2005, but production of sardines, scallops, and salmon declined. Production of scallops and salmon increased, but production of catfish, saury, and tuna increased. The amount has decreased. The total marine fishing output was 4.412 million tons, a decrease of 47,000 tons from the previous year; the total production was 159.4 billion yen, a decrease of 0.6% from the previous year.

Japan s mariculture output has been maintained at over 1.2 million tons in recent years. In 2005, the total mariculture output was 1.211 million tons, which was a decrease of 129,000 tons from 1.34 million tons in the highest year in 1994. The total mariculture output value in 2005 was 439.2 billion yen. , An increase of 4.9 billion yen over the previous year. Among them, fish farming was 269,000 tons (up 2.7% from the previous year), 191.8 billion yen (2.4% lower than the previous year); shellfish farming was 422,000 tons (down 6.4% from the previous year), and 77.1 billion yen (compared with the previous year). (6.4% increase in the previous year); 509 thousand tons of seaweeds (5.2% increase over the previous year), 121.3 billion yen (2.4% increase over the previous year). The main species of mariculture are catfish, sea bream, oyster scallops, oysters, kelp, wakame, laver, and flounder, river bream, real horse mackerel, Japanese prawn, and mother-of-pearl.

In 2005, Japan's total freshwater fishing and freshwater aquaculture production was 96,000 tons, which was less than half of the 1979 production at its peak. Among them, the output of freshwater fishing was 54,000 tons, the output of freshwater aquaculture was 42,000 tons, and the total output value was 102.1 billion yen, 1.3 billion yen less than the previous year. The main species of freshwater fishing are river trout, sweetfish, carp, river bream, eel, etc. The main species of freshwater aquaculture are trout, sweetfish, carp, eel, as well as catfish, turtle, etc., single species The output is usually below 1,000 tons.

Processing and Consumption of Fisheries and Aquatic Products

Japanese aquatic processed products mainly include salt collections, dried products, fish condiments, frozen foods, fats and fats, frozen fresh products, and canned products. In 2005, the total processing of food supplies was 2.095 million tons, which was 39,000 tons less than the previous year. The main products processed were 209,000 tons of salt collection, 334,000 tons of dried products, 655,000 tons of fish condiments, 286,000 tons of frozen foods, 1.625 million tons of frozen fresh products, and 484,000 tons of other processed food products. Compared with the previous year, in addition to a slight increase in the processing volume of dry products in 2005, the processing volume of other foods such as frozen foods, salt collections and seasoning foods have been reduced to varying degrees.

Japan is a big country in the consumption of aquatic products. In 2004, the domestic consumption of aquatic products was 10.48 million tons, a decrease of 5% over the previous year. Among them, the consumption of edible aquatic products accounts for 80%, which is equivalent to about 62.7kg per person per year. If the inedible portion is removed, it will consume about 34.5kg per person per year. In 2004, the self-sufficiency rate of edible aquatic products in Japan was 55%, which was lower than 57% in 2003, mainly due to a decrease in domestic fishery production and an increase in imports. According to statistics, the self-sufficiency rate of seaweed in 2005 was 65%.

Fisheries and Fisheries Circulation and Market

There are 203 main fishing ports in Japan. The total water withdrawal in 2005 was about 2.887 million tons, which was about the same as the previous year. The total water withdrawal was 525.5 billion yen, a decrease of about 4% over the previous year. There are 6 fishing ports with a water capacity of 100,000 tons or more, including 229,000 tons of burned Tianjin, 215,000 tons of zongzi, 158,000 tons of Ishinomaki, 149,000 tons of Hachinohe, 119,000 tons of Kushiro, and 116,000 tons of Kesennuma. Ports with a large volume of water also include Matsuura, Sakai, Hagasaki, and Nakizaki.

At present, there are about 900 origin markets in Japan, and the circulation and amount are decreasing. In response to the emergence of small-scale market transactions that are too small to fulfill market functions, Japan formulated and promulgated the Related Guidelines for the Integration and Rationalization of Aquatic Product Origin Markets at the end of March 2001. Since then, market integration began. By the end of June 2005, there were a total of 33 aquatic product origin markets in 39 provinces, prefectures and counties.

Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Hiroshima, and Fukuoka all have central wholesale markets. From the perspective of changes in average prices, transaction prices are generally in a downward trend. The average prices of fresh aquatic products, processed aquatic products, and frozen products traded in 2004 were roughly the same as the previous year, which were 770 yen / kg for fresh products, 730 yen / kg for aquatic products, and 791 yen / kg for frozen products. . Due to the decrease in the quantity of saury and catfish, the circulation of fish and aquatic animals (excluding shellfish and seaweed) in the main producing areas decreased by 3% compared with the previous year, and the average price was 182 yen / kg, a decrease from the previous year. 5%. Although the market transaction volume has decreased, the units with larger demand, such as supermarkets, have purchased directly without the market.

Fisheries and Aquatic Products Trade

Most of the fish and shellfish imported from Japan are fresh products. In 2004, Japan's total imports of aquatic products were 3.485 million tons and 16.371 billion yen, which were 160,000 tons and 67.9 billion yen more than the previous year, respectively. However, the number of imports was 9% less than the highest in 2001, and the amount fell by 16% compared to the highest in 1997. Among them, the import value is more than 100 billion yen: shrimp 238 billion yen (about 15% of total imports), tuna 233.7 billion yen (about 14%), salmon trout 103.6 billion yen (about 6%), others Larger imports were 80.7 billion yen in crabs, 65.7 billion yen in eel products, 59.8 billion yen in cod roe, 52.2 billion yen in shrimp products, and 43.7 billion yen in squid.

In 2004, Japan exported aquatic products of 420,000 tons and 148.2 billion yen, an increase of 5400 tons and 12.9 billion yen over the previous year, respectively. The export volume exceeded the 400,000 tons mark for the first time in 12 years. Among them, the export volume and export value of shellfish products are decreasing, but tuna and cod have been increasing exponentially in the past 5 years. China (except Hong Kong and Macau) is the largest exporter, with salmon and cod as the main species; Hong Kong is the largest exporter, with pearls, shellfish, and dried sea cucumbers as the main species. The average unit price of exports was 350 yen / kg, down 4.3% from the previous year's 366 yen.

In 2004, the top five countries and regions in terms of the number and amount of aquatic products imported from Japan were 665,000 tons and 335.7 billion yen in mainland China (excluding Hong Kong and Macau, mainly eel processed products, crab processed products, and frozen shrimp), US 392,000 tons, 147.7 billion yen (mainly cod roe, frozen cod meat, salmon), Russia 199,000 tons, 117 billion yen (mainly frozen crab, cod roe, frozen salmon) Thailand 248 thousand tons, 110.3 billion yen (mainly shrimp products, frozen squid, fresh and frozen shrimp), Taiwan 186,000 tons, 108.5 billion yen (mainly frozen tuna, live eel, eel processed products).

Protection and enhancement of fishery resources

Japan ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1996, and subsequently introduced the TAC system and export regulation system. In 2001, Japan formulated the Basic Fisheries Law, launched a resource recovery plan, and introduced the Total Regulation (TAE) system for catch effort.

In addition to the laws and regulations and independent regulations of fishermen's associations in Japan, Japan has set limits on catches, catch effort, number of fishing vessels and horsepower, restrictions on fishing areas and fishing seasons, restrictions on fishing gear and fishing laws, and restrictions on catchable sizes. , Attaches great importance to the protection and enhancement of fishery resources, continuously increases the fishery resources proliferation and release efforts, and invests heavily in the construction of artificial reefs.

Japan has a relatively complete system of multiplication and release fluids. Taking Shizuoka Prefecture as an example, it has established a system for promoting the promotion of resources through the county's warm water utilization research center (guide for seed production and proliferation release), the county fishery promotion fund (providing necessary funds to supervise release activities), and county fisheries The test field (guides the release activities and tests the effect of release) is composed of three regional councils, namely Izu, Nannan, and Binming Lake. The municipal, township and other fishing associations are responsible for specific release, statistics, and fund raising tasks. Every year, Japan has national and regional breeding fisheries conferences to exchange information on fishery resources, implementation of breeding and release, assessment of release effects, and related research. In Japan, the major breeds of reefs that are small migratory and high-fixation are released every year. In recent years, more than 5 billion fish have been released, including salmon, sea bream, black bream, bream, flounder, and other species. Crustaceans such as Japanese prawns, new prawns of unicorne, barramundi trilobata, shellfish such as abalone, squid, oyster scallop and sea urchin. The main species released in 2004 were 1.85 billion white salmon, 18.8 million sea bream, 3.281 million black sea bream, 3.08 million sea bream, 23.613 million sea bream, 13.34645 million shrimp, 27.01 million crab, and 23.911 million abalone. Tail, red shell 638,000 tail, sea urchin 74.443 million tail, etc., the release number slightly decreased compared to the previous year.

Japan is one of the countries that started the construction of artificial reefs earlier. Since 1955, various artificial reefs have been constructed nationwide. The "Law on the Development of Coastal Fishing Grounds" was promulgated in 1975, which called for the vigorous development of three public utilities including the establishment of fish reefs, the proliferation of aquatic and aquatic plants, and the maintenance of coastal fishing grounds. The central government issues plans each year to provide financial subsidies, which are implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and the capitals, roads, prefectures, and counties. After more than 30 years of construction, artificial reefs have been set up in more than one-tenth of Japan s fishing grounds, with an average annual investment of nearly 3 billion yuan. The types of artificial fish reefs in Japan are diverse and their structures are very different. Artificial fish reefs are set up according to the conditions of different sea areas. Nowadays, they have mastered the technology of putting extra large fish reefs in deep waters. In recent years, Japan has also attached great importance to the protection and restoration of natural seabed algae farms, including government departments, fishing associations, and fishermen who have undertaken corresponding work, such as protection, investigation, analysis, and restoration experiments.

Fishery labor and self-employed income

As of November 1, 2005, there were 222,510 employed people in Japan's fishing industry, a decrease of 8,490 from the previous year, a decrease of 3.7%. The decrease in fisheries catches and the reduction in the scale of production are all reasons for the decline in employment in the fisheries. Divided by gender, there were 186,350 males (83.7%) and 36,160 females (16.3%), a decrease of 3.7% and 3.8% respectively over the previous year. Divided by age group, it is the most over 60 years old, accounting for 46.9%, 40-59 years old is 38.6%; 25-39 years old is 11.8%; 15-24 years old is 2.7%. The proportion of young people is getting smaller and smaller, but the decline is getting bigger and bigger.

In 2005, the average income of each Japanese marine fishery was 5.26 million yen (approximately RMB 342,000), a decrease of 0.6% from the previous year. Expenditure was 3.05 million yen, a decrease of 1.2% year-on-year. Personal income was 2.21 million yen, a decrease of 2.0%. In the expenditure schedule, fuel expenses accounted for 18.1%, depreciation expenses accounted for 16.2%, and staff expenses accounted for 12.7%. Small-scale fixed net fisheries income was 5.94 million yen, expenditure was 3.46 million yen, and personal income was 2.48 million yen. Among the expenses, depreciation expenses accounted for 18.6%, staff expenses accounted for 12.5%, and various handling fees accounted for 11.5%. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, the surge in oil prices has increased fuel costs by 13.1% over the previous year. However, the main reason for the increase in private enterprise expenditures is that enterprises have reduced their employees' salaries in order to reduce expenses.

Fisheries Fisheries Policy

Fisheries definition

Fishery policy is a country's pursuit of comprehensive fisheries interests, including the protection of fishery resources and water ecosystems, the use of fishery resources, the development of fishery industries, the employment of fishermen, safety, national interests and international relations and scientific research, and when these interests occur In conflict, seeking is a policy of fair and coordinated development. It can be said that "fishery policy" is the public policy or national policy of the state in handling fishery-related matters.

Fishery content

Fishery resources protection and utilization policy, fishery waters ecological environment protection policy, fishery industry development policy, fishermen employment policy, fishery management policy, fishery economic policy, and fishery relations with other countries.