What are Human Universals?

^[1] The main topic focused on in Human Development (8th Edition) is the familiar "developmental psychology". The reason why the author calls it "human development" is to emphasize the concept of lifelong development of human beings, and emphasize an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspective.

Human development

Publisher: Renmin University of China Press; 1st edition (January 1, 2011)

Foreign document name: Human Development 8th Edition

Series Title: Psychology Translation Series · Textbook Series

Paperback: 765 pages

Body language: Simplified Chinese

Folio: 16

ISBN: 7300127452, 9787300127453

Barcode: 9787300127453

Size: 27.4 x 21.2 x 3.6 cm

Weight: 1.5 Kg

Three Laws in Human Development

Law one

Human beings are constantly exploring and knowing the world in which they live. They are constantly discovering, using, and transforming the various resources that already exist in this world. They invent, produce, and create a variety of economic benefits that will continue to provide a better life for humans ; Unless humans will not exist, they will continue to develop. (Inertia of human development)

That is to tell people what human development is ?

Rule two

The essence of human existence and development: all people who continue to survive in this world generation to generation continue to consume and consume; and everything that everyone can consume and consume in their lives seems to want to rely solely on the favor of others is obviously not It is quite possible that most of it should come from the exchange created by its own hard work, and it is always proportional to it. (Origin of Human Development)

That is, what is the most fundamental driving force behind human development?

Rule three

In contrast to letting people in their survival always do things in their own way, in their own interests, free survival, free trade; the result can always be more effective in unknowingly promoting all for human beings to survive better in this world Universal socio-economic benefits. (The best pattern of organizational development in human development)

That is to tell people what is the best way to organize development in human development?

Inference: the principle of optimal human development (that is, the principle of perfect operation of the free market)

That is, only when all human beings are in the process of continuous free labor creation and free demand consumption; human beings can always continue to most effectively explore, recognize, discover, utilize, and transform the various resources that already exist in this world. Generate and create various economic benefits that continuously provide humanity with a better life in this world. (That is, only when all people living are in constant free labor creation and free demand consumption, can the most reasonable allocation of all resources and benefits in human society be achieved, and the free market can operate in the most perfect balanced and effective way. Has been in constant optimal development).

But it is clear that the fundamental eternal driving force that promotes the optimal development of mankind (only when all the people who are living are in the constant free labor creation and free demand consumption) is not perfect in human real society.

Because in human society:

First : Each of us was not a free man when we first came to this world, nor did we have the ability to directly create free labor and consume freely. Obviously everyone came to this world with "ignorance and empty hands" when they were born; they did not have the ability to survive independently and freely; they all obviously needed a growth process to obtain viability with the help of external forces. This can be seen as a minor stage in life that everyone cannot do. This is the root cause of the actual social education of mankind. Especially, education should make people become their own survivability created by free labor, instead of education becoming slaves and no survivability.

Second : And that is, everyone becomes a free man when he is an adult. Ability to work independently and freely to create and consume freely. But obviously there is more than one person living in this world. So how to solve various problems and contradictions between people, and who will solve them? On the basis of life, how can each person's personal, life, freedom, health, and fruits of his own work create the property that can be protected from other members of society? Obviously, this is the common stage of adult free survival that is common to all of us. This is the fundamental reason for the emergence of human social laws, especially the antitrust law, because a few people monopolize and deprive the majority of people's labor results.

Third : Obviously, none of us can live permanently in this world. In the end, each of us came as empty-handed and ignorant as when we first came to this world, and finally left the world with empty-handedness and ignorance to die. They are just a passerby in this world, just like taking a ride or eating a buffet. All resources belong to this world. According to the law of nature, each of us should return to this world all the resources of this world that we had when we were alive, so that we can have a fair future for everyone. The opportunity to make use of various resources for your better survival in this world. But what about our real society? All the resources of this world have been genetically owned by a few people for generations, and even monopolized by generations of minority governments, which has deprived most of them of the fair use of the resources of this world for their better survival in this world. Opportunities have deprived most people of their right to live in this world. Become a proletariat whose life can only work for those who possess the resources. And these generations who inherited the resources have become those who do not work or gain more than they work to rule the property class. So is this really the case? This is obviously also the third life commonality that determines the fate of life that each of us cannot do after death. Is this the real reason for the real tax heritage tax of human reality? This should be God's tax, God's mandate. We human beings actually violated it. Instead, various taxes are levied on living people and people's labor creation. As a result, some people get nothing for their own sake, affecting the optimal development of human beings? Isn't it?

Are these all the prerequisite root causes that prevent the optimal development of human beings and the free market does not work perfectly in today's human society? The commonality of the three stages of life mentioned above is that each of us cannot do it at every stage of his life. Therefore, people need to jointly establish a public institution to improve it. This is why our human society government emerged and its fundamental functions. Now I will announce to the public the rules of the game that must achieve its eternal driving force to achieve optimal human development (that is, the perfect operation of the free market)!

Corollary: Perfecting the Eternal Motive Force of the Optimum Development of Human Beings and the Fundamental Functions of the Human Social Government

Rule one

The human society government should equitably raise every newly born minor (child) in human society, and train them to belong to everyone. He has more freedom to work with creativity and freedom to consume. people.

The government's role here is to educate each minor how to become more viable as an adult. (Referred to as the fair education environment for the free growth of the first stage of life. Basic fairness, which is a basic rule for everyone to obtain viability)

Rule two

The human society government should fairly protect everyone's life, body, freedom, health in the human society and the exchanges they create through their own labor. All possessions from this world or free transactions with other members of society are protected from other members of the society. Violation.

The government's role here is to promote that everyone should understand that to live more freely, a happy life must be exchanged through their own labor creation, and anyone who wants to survive in this world must labor creation. (Referred to as the fair and legal environment for the free survival of the second stage of life. Process fairness, which is a positive private rule that protects everyone's life, freedom and property).

Rule three

The human society government should fairly implement that after the death of everyone, all its heritage should be repaid to the world; the government will then allow it to freely circulate its various resources and welfare among members of society through fair auctions in the market.

The government must not possess any physical resources of this world. Its function here is to realize the function of reallocating resources for this world. It is our selfish desires in our human nature that cannot be too selfish; it is anyone and groups cannot monopolize any kind of resource. (Simply referred to as a single fair tax environment at the end of life. That is, the result is fair. This is a public ownership rule that does not make people too selfish.)

Conclusion: That is, as a result of human society's government doing a good job of rule one (a fair and efficient education system): human society will have every free person with strong free labor creativity and free demand and consumption ability to survive.

The human society government has done both Rule 2 (positive protection of everyone's personal life, freedom and health, and all property created by its own labor) and Rule 3 (negative incentives for each person's full estate tax after death) (a fair and efficient judicial enforcement system) The result: All resources of this world and all economic welfare in human society will be relatively freely circulated, which is better than that everyone who comes to this world has a fair access to use as long as they work. Chance of survival.

The general conclusion: that is, as long as the human society government does his limited three fair game rules based on the commonality of the life process (if it is still to be done, it is necessary to establish another rule that will not freeze or starve to death) Social security system on the bottom); the rest let people do their part, and live freely! As a result, the free market will allocate everything most effectively, which will not only be the best that everyone can survive, but also the most effective way to promote the stable and high-speed continuous growth of the overall economic and social welfare of human beings (to promote the optimal development of human beings in general. value).

So which national government in our real society has done all three? Is it doing too much (doing too much that the government shouldn't do), or doing too little (just doing things in these three principles), or even doing the opposite? Is the closest United States the most developed, and is North Korea the opposite? What does our Chinese government want me to say? I won't say much about this, people can see it. At the same time, is this why people are pursuing human rights? The most important thing to realize human rights is whether I can do it in Rule Three. Here I only talk about since we need the government to do well these three rules, but then the government has to do well these three rules and its expenditure, so where does the income come from! Because in such a society, the government can no longer levy various taxes on living people, and this kind of tax for each person's life and once at death, under the encouragement of selfishness of human nature, will not leave anything at death? This is where this tax is efficient. So where does the government come from to maintain its normal operation? This must talk about the root cause and function of money.

Talk about the three major functions of currency:

So far, people's functions about money are nothing more than two aspects: one is the transaction medium, and the other is the value scale. But at this point I will tell people that money has its most fundamental function: the profit made by the human society government in operating human development. In this regard, we can derive directly from the equation for the quantity of money. Because the amount of money circulating in our society is determined by the total output of social and economic benefits created by human labor (that is, the total amount of all goods and services created by people), and it is proportional to its growth. And France's big economists Morris and Alle in his book "Continuous Growth of Inflation Without Inflation" has also proved the correct point of view of the correct printing of currency issuance while the total output of human socioeconomic welfare continues to increase. . His point is: first, prohibit banks and related financial institutions from granting short-term, medium-term, and long-term credit if these credits cannot be offset by at least the same long-term borrowing; second, the government increases the currency at a fixed rate every year according to the law The amount of supply is 1% higher than the growth rate of the actual gross national product (that is, total social output) during the previous year; the third is that the currency to be issued should pass the government's recurrent expenditure (such as social education, justice, etc.) Expenditures are injected into circulation. At the same time, taxes are reduced by an amount equal to the total amount of money created. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1988 for his contributions.

In this way, I combined the three fair game rules that need to improve the motive force for the optimal development of human beings, and we will not have to deduce the structure and operation principle of the optimal human society in the future.

Reconsidering Practical Applications : The Structure and Operation Principles of the Optimal Human Society in the Future

The first step: the principle of construction. Like the structure of many joint-stock companies in human society

Shareholders: all members of society who are alive

Board of Directors: Representatives elected by all members of society

Management: Appointed by the Board. That is, the unified operator of the right to education and justice (mainly composed of various educators and judges)

Supervisory Board: Central Bank (combined with economists and statisticians), the unified executor of currency issuance, price control, and monitoring of management efficiency of management

Step 2: Operation Principle. It is the same as the operation of many joint-stock companies in human society, but it is not a product, but the three principles of fairness based on the commonality of life.

Business : Three principles of fairness . Managed by the management: Rule 1 is a fair and efficient education system and Rule 2 is a fair and efficient judicial system under Rule 3.

Benefits: Total human optimal development value. As a result, all members of society can live better, more freely and happily. Therefore, the total output of human social and economic welfare will inevitably be maintained at a stable and high-speed growth in a free and balanced state.

In order to maintain the relative stability of total social prices (neither expansion nor contraction), the Board of Supervisors must be continuously monitored, issued and released in an amount proportional to the growth rate of the total output of social and economic welfare (and this is actually the human society The management of a large joint-stock company in each of the governments in the country has made profits through its more effective development of human society). Therefore, whether the management of a government makes these three fair game rules based on the commonality of life more fair will mean whether they can make a profit.

If there are profits, more currencies can be issued, and the loss is based on the need for the Supervisory Committee to recover the currency in circulation. The board of supervisors will only publish the amount of money that is proportional to economic growth and the management house (operator) to continue to do the three rules of fairness in life. Reinvestment is required to inject money into the society and complete the currency as a commodity. The cycle of the role of the medium of exchange and the value scale of measurement.

In this way, the human society government is like all the joint-stock companies for profit in the human society. Not only can bonds be issued, they can also be listed and financed, freely merged, freely established, and freely disintegrated. The state is actually dead, there is no class in society, no army, and the world is united. The United Nations, like the stock exchange, should serve the free operation, listing and financing, free mergers, free establishments, and free dissolutions of all member companies. People can live freely anywhere in the world, even any planet in the universe in the future. This model of social construction and operation is infinitely expanded. . . . . . . . From Du Shumin's "Government Market Development Theory"

Author :( US) · W · James van der Zanden (James W.Vander Zanden) (United States) Thomas · L · Crandall (Thomas L.Crandell) (United States) Colleen Haines Crandall ( Corinne Haines Crandell) Translator: Yu Guoliang Huang Yan Fan Zhaofeng Co-author: Lei Li

James W. Vander Zanden is an honorary retired professor at the Ohio State University School of Social and Behavioral Sciences.

Thomas L. Crandell is a professor at Broome Community College. His doctoral dissertation was selected by the International Reading Association as one of the five best papers in the United States. His research interests are individual learning differences and atypical developments in children and adults.

Corinne Haines Crandell, teaches at Bloom Community College in the United States, has many years of rich teaching experience in teaching psychology courses.

Part I Human Development Research

Chapter 1 The Concept of Human Development

Scientific concerns / 4

Development Research Framework / 6

The Division of Lifetime: A Cultural and Historical Perspective / 14

Development Research Methods / 19

Research Analysis / 31

Ethics of Human Developmental Psychology / 33

Summary / 34

Keywords / 36

Network Resources / 37

Chapter 2 Theories of Development / 35

Theory: A Definition / 39

Psychoanalytic Theory / 40

Behaviorism Theory / 48

Humanism Theory / 51

Cognitive Theory / 52

Ecological Theory / 57

Ritual culture theory / 58

Contention / s9

Summary / 67

Key / 70

Network Resources / 70

The beginning of the second part of life

Chapter 3 Reproduction, Heredity, and Prenatal Development / 73

Reproduction / 74

Genetics and Genetics / 94

Prenatal development / 104

Summary / 116

Keywords / 120

Chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development: The First Two Years / 115

Birth / 121

Development of basic capabilities / 144

Summary / 162

Keywords / 165

Network Resources / 166

Video Overview / 166

Chapter 5 Infancy: Cognitive and Language Development / 167

Cognitive Development / 168

Language and Thinking / 179

Theory of Language Acquisition 1184

Language Development / 189

Summary / 199

Keywords / 201

Chapter 6 Infancy: the development of emotional and social connections / 201

Emotional development / 203

Personality Development Theory / 214

Social Development / 218

Parenting for Infants and Toddlers / 226

Summary / 238

Keywords / 241

Network Resources / 241

Part IV Early childhood (2-6 years)

Chapter 7 Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development / 245

Physical development and health issues t246

Cognitive Development / 263

Information Processing and Memory / 277

Moral Development / 280

Summary / 282

...

Part V Middle Childhood (7-12 years)

Part VI Adolescence

Part VII Early Adulthood

Part VIII Mid-Adult

Part IX Late Adulthood

The End of Life

Terminology Index

references