What Is an Agaric?

Black fungus [ Auricularia auricula (L.ex Hook.) Underw], also known as black cabbage, fungus, and cloud fungus, belongs to the family Auricularia, which is a precious medicinal and food colloidal fungus in China, and is also a recognized health food in the world. China is the hometown of black fungus. The Chinese nation knew and developed black fungus as early as 4000 years ago, and began to cultivate and eat it. "Book of Rites" also records the consumption of black fungus at the emperor's banquet. At present, black fungus is cultivated in Northeast China, North China, Central South, Southwest and coastal provinces in China. ^[1]

According to modern scientific analysis, black fungus dry products are high in protein, vitamins, and iron, and their proteins contain a variety of amino acids, especially lysine and leucine. ^[2]

Poisoned black fungus can cause poisoning

The protein content of black fungus is comparable to that of animal food, and it has the reputation of being a "sweet glutton." Fungus itself is non-toxic, but long-term vesicles will deteriorate to produce biotoxins or breed pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The symptoms are the same as that of mushroom poisoning. Acute liver and kidney failure are the main clinical manifestations. Prone to multiple organ dysfunction and failure.

More changes in nitrite content: Rumors suggest that nitrite levels in black fungus will increase after prolonged soaking, increasing the risk of gastric cancer. Some studies have measured the nitrite content after 24 hours of storage at room temperature and in a refrigerated environment, and found that no matter what temperature, the change of nitrite after 24 hours is very small. Nitrite content has risen slightly overall, and its impact on the human body is minimal.
How to make fungus right? More: Fungus can be soaked in cold water (warm water can be used in winter). After 3 to 4 hours of immersion, the water slowly penetrates into the fungus, and the fungus returns to a translucent state, which is good. In this way, the fungus is not only increased in quantity, but also of good quality.

Content collating action

Chinese name: Black Fungus
Scientific name: Auricularia auricula
nickname: Light fungus, fine fungus, cloud ear
door: Basidiomycota

Tsuna: Toadstool
Head: Auricularia
Branch: Auricularia
Genus: Auricularia

Black fungus category

Black fungus grows on broad-leaved trees such as oak, elm, poplar, ficus, acacia, or dead wood and coniferous fir.

Black Fungus Dense cluster growth can cause wood decay. The fungus growing on different trees has different titles, and its efficacy is also different. According to the "Compendium of Materia Medica", the woman treated by Sang Er misses redness, blood clots, swelling and pain in the abdomen, and can also cure nosebleeds, intestinal wind, diarrhea and blood. Five hemorrhoids prolapse anal, lower blood to treat heartache, women's sore pain in the yin, cure wind and bleed blood, benefit; Liu ear tonic and qi. In addition, other fungus has its own curative characteristics. ^[3]

Morphological characteristics of black fungus

Black fungus is leaf-like or nearly forest-like, with wavy edges, thin, 2 to 6 cm wide, and about 2 mm thick.

Black Fungus Raw short stalks or narrow bases are fixed to the matrix. In the beginning, it was soft gum, sticky and elastic, and later it was slightly cartilage. After drying, it shrank strongly and became black hard and brittle horny to near leathery. The outer edge of the dorsal surface is arcuate, purple-brown to dark blue-gray, and sparsely short tomentose. ^[4]

Black fungus distribution range

Because black fungus has the characteristics of being cold-resistant and sensitive to temperature, it is mostly distributed in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, mainly in Asia, China, Japan and other countries, among which China has high production. In China, many provinces and regions, such as Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hubei, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi, have artificial cultivation and natural black fungus growth. ^[4]

Black fungus planting points

Black fungus is traditionally cultivated as auricularia. After the successful substitution cultivation in the late 1980s, substitute cultivation became the main cultivation method of black fungus. ^[5]

Black fungus planting process Black fungus planting has a very precise process. Among them, the following are the main aspects:

Selection and construction of ear field

For the selection of the ear field, the main conditions are that the ventilation and sunlight are good, and it is easy to carry out drainage and irrigation. Keep away from the pollution source. For the construction of the ear field, it should be noted that the bed frame is made of iron wire, which can save raw materials, have better ventilation and light transmission effects, and can be recycled. The setting of the water spray is mainly overhead treatment, which can make the effect of water spray more uniform and save water resources more. The water spray equipment needs to be arranged before the platoon. ^[6]

Mix

The black fungus is to mix the main ingredients with calcium carbonate and bran evenly, and then adjust the water content to about 50%. ^[6]

Bagging

The material of the bag is low-pressure polyethylene. The specification is 14.7m × 53cm × 0.05cm. The bag needs to be dense enough to not feel soft, and at the same time, the bag must be about 1.5kg of culture material. ^[6]

Inoculation

Before this step, it is necessary to lower the curtain of the bacterial cultivation shed, and then pay attention to disinfect the inoculation box. The disinfection time should be controlled for more than half an hour. The inoculation needle and the sleeve should be cleaned and exposed. The seeds can be immersed in 300 times of kelomycin for about 5 minutes. After that, it can be dried. The vaccination staff should wash their hands with alcohol, and they should be dried in the inoculation box after washing their hands. ^[6]

Culture

During the cultivation of black fungus, this link is crucial. The management of fungus is black fungus.

Black fungus cultivation map The key to ear cultivation is to properly control the temperature in the shed, which is directly related to the survival of the mycelium. Therefore, we must pay attention to strict control, and the temperature must meet the actual standards. With regard to the placement of mycelium, the fungus sticks are mainly placed after inoculation, and they should be placed in a "figure" type of stacking wood. Single and three-hole inoculations should be used to inoculate the scar. The scars for two-way vaccination need to face to both sides. The stack is about 7 layers high. At the top layer, pay attention to the shading treatment on the side of the vaccination port to avoid yellow water. ^[6]

Black fungus nutrition facts

Black fungus is not only smooth and delicious, delicious, but also rich in nutrition. It enjoys the reputation of "meat in meat" and "king of vegetarian food" and is a well-known tonic. According to relevant investigation and analysis, every 100g of fresh fungus contains 10.6g of protein, 0.2g of fat, 65.5g of carbohydrates, 7g of cellulose, and also contains thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, carotene, calcium, phosphorus, iron, etc. Multivitamins and minerals, especially iron is the most abundant. It contains 185mg of iron per 100g of fresh fungus, which is more than 20 times higher than celery with the highest iron content in leafy vegetables, and iron in animal foods. The highest amount of pork liver is nearly 7 times higher, so it is known as the "Iron Champion" in food. In addition, the protein of Auricularia auricula contains a variety of amino acids, including lysine, leucine and other essential amino acids in the human body, and has a high biological titer. Black fungus is a glial fungus that contains a large amount of colloids, which has a good lubricating effect on the human digestive system. It can eliminate residual food and indigestible fibrous substances in the stomach and intestines. Foreign matter has a dissolving effect. Therefore, it is the health food of choice for cotton spinning workers and workers engaged in mining, dust, road protection and so on. Phospholipids in Auricularia auriculae are nutrients for human brain cells and nerve cells, and are practical and inexpensive brain supplements for adolescents and mental workers. ^[1]

Black fungus chemical composition

Black fungus black fungus polysaccharide

Black fungus polysaccharide is one of the main chemical constituents of black fungus. The fruit body of Auricularia auricula contains 4 kinds of polysaccharides, namely: F-A, F-B, FII and FIII, among which F-A and FII are acid heteropolysaccharides. After analysis of the purified black fungus polysaccharide, mannose, glucose, xylose and hexuronic acid are its main components, and its molar ratio is 0.35: 0.26: 0.25: 0.14. Aminodextran analogs in invertebrate tissues, fucose sulfated polysaccharides in marine algae, and heparin all have anticoagulant or antiplatelet aggregation activity, but the anticoagulant polysaccharides in black fungus have the same Structural difference. ^[4]

Auricular adenosine

Black fungus contains a water-soluble component that can inhibit platelet aggregation. It has been confirmed as adenosine by multiple tests. ^[4]

Black fungus fungus melanin

Melanin isolated from Auricularia auriculata is a colored polysaccharide peptide composed of glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose, and a short peptide chain. These components are not colored when they decompose into monosaccharides. It is soluble in water and has physiological activity to enhance the body's immune function. Black fungus isolated from the fungus fruit body has antifungal effect. ^[4]

Black fungus other ingredients

Black fungus contains ergosterol, dihydroergosterol, lecithin, cerebrolipid, and sphingomyelin, as well as vitamin A, vitamin D2, and vitamin K. ^[4]

The main value of black fungus

Black fungus has been a famous edible fungus and medicinal fungus in China since ancient times. It is known as the precious king of edible fungi. Black fungus has functions of lowering blood lipids, antithrombotic, anti-aging, and antitumor. It is an ideal health food resource whether it is directly consumed or used as a food formula. ^[3]

Black fungus medicinal function

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that black fungus has a sweet taste, has the advantages of clearing the lungs and intestines, nourishing yin and blood, and promoting blood circulation.

Black Fungus , Mingmu Yangwei and other effects. Can be used to treat symptoms such as bleeding, hemorrhoids, hemorrhoids, anemia and constipation. At the same time, the fermentin and phytoalkali it contains can promote the secretion of the glands of the digestive tract and urinary tract, and synergize the secretions to catalyze stones, which have a significant effect on resolving gallstones and kidney stones. Modern medicinal research on Auricularia auricula began in the 1980s. It was first discovered that it has a significant effect on inhibiting platelet aggregation, which has aroused worldwide attention. Wu Wutong et al. Extracted and isolated the important active ingredient Auricular polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula. In the following 20 years, a lot of pharmacological researches have been carried out on polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula, which revealed the extensive physiological activity and extremely high medicinal health functions of Auricularia auricula. ^[1]

Improve the body's immune function

Immunity is a physiological process in humans and animals that prevents biological pathogenic factors. Chen Qionghua et al. Found that black fungus polysaccharide can increase the spleen index, half hemolysis value and E-rosette formation rate of mice, promote macrophage phagocytosis and lymphocyte transformation, and then improve the immune function of the body. Zhang Linghua et al. Reported that humoral and cellular immunity were significantly increased after intraperitoneal injection of Auricularia auricular polysaccharides in mice. Studies by Zhang Caiqing and others suggested that Auricularia polysaccharides have little effect on rat agglutination, but can significantly enhance phagocytosis of mouse macrophages. ^[1]

Antitumor effect

The anti-tumor effect of black fungus polysaccharides is indirectly produced by acting on the body's defense system, and its important mechanism is to enhance the immune function of body cells. AMisaki et al. Studied the correlation between the chemical structure of polysaccharides extracted from Auricularia auriculata fruit bodies and their antitumor activity, and concluded that the water-soluble dextran component in Auricularia auriculata has significant antitumor effects. Intraperitoneal administration of black fungus polysaccharide can inhibit the growth of solid tumor S ₁₈₀ in mice. Intravenous administration is effective in inhibiting the growth of Lewis lung tumor, B ₁₆ melanoma and H ₂₂ liver cancer. The optimal effective dose is 20 g / kg. . Zong Canhua and other experimental studies found that black fungus polysaccharide can increase serum NO content in H ₂₂ mice and promote tumor cell apoptosis. ^[1]

Anti-aging effect

Black fungus polysaccharides have a protective effect on body damage, can delay tissue aging, and are considered to be ideal anti-aging health products. Wu Xianrui and others reported that Auricularia auricular polysaccharide can significantly enhance the flying ability of Drosophila, swimming endurance of mice, significantly reduce the lipofuscin content of mouse cardiac tissue, and increase the activity of SOD in the brain and liver of mice. Zhou Huiping and others reported that black fungus polysaccharides can prolong the lifespan of Drosophila, increase the non-specific resistance to harmful stimuli in elderly mice, reduce the level of lipid peroxides in the plasma, and reduce the production of lipofuscin. ^[1]

Anti-radiation effect

Chen Zhiqiang et al. Injected mice with agaric polysaccharide 2mg per mouse for 7 consecutive days, irradiated with ⁶⁰ Co rays, the total dose reached 800 Roentgen. The results showed that the mice survived 24 days longer than the control group, and the survival rate was 1.56 times. It shows that Auricularia polysaccharide has protective effect on radiation cell damage. Fan Lisheng and other studies found that mice were administrated with medium and high doses of black fungus polysaccharide solution. After irradiation with 3.5Gy ⁶⁰ Co-ray, the bone marrow micronucleus rate and sperm distortion rate of mice were significantly reduced, survival rate was increased, and survival time was prolonged , Indicating that the black fungus polysaccharide has a better anti-radiation effect. ^[1]

Anticoagulant effect

Auricular polysaccharide has the effect of inhibiting platelet aggregation, and its mechanism is mainly the inhibition of thrombin activity. Domestic studies have shown that in vitro tests with 30 mol / L polysaccharide solution 0.1 mL and rabbit blood 0.9 mL, the clotting time can be extended 2 times. The mice were divided into groups for intravenous, intraperitoneal and intragastric administration at 50 mg / kg, and the clotting time was prolonged by 2.1, 1.3, and 1.3 times, respectively, compared with the control group. ^[1]

Hypolipidemic effect

Studies have reported that continuous administration of 300 mg / kg black fungus polysaccharide to hyperlipidemic mice for 12 weeks can significantly reduce the serum total cholesterol content and atherosclerosis index of mice, and increase serum and liver resistance. Oxidation capacity. Cai Xiaoling, etc. injected black fungus polysaccharides into hyperlipidemic mice every day. After one week, the cholesterol content in the serum of the mice was significantly reduced. Zhou Guohua et al. Used different concentrations of black fungus polysaccharides to test high-fat model mice, and the results showed that the serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein of the black fungus polysaccharide group mice were all lower than the control group, but higher Density lipoprotein was significantly higher than that of the control group, indicating that the black fungus polysaccharide has a hypolipidemic effect. ^[1]

Hypoglycemic effect

Zong Canhua et al. Conducted an experimental analysis on the effect of black fungus polysaccharides on reducing blood glucose in diabetic mice.

Black Fungus The results showed that compared with the model control group, after 15 days of administration, the blood glucose of mice in each dose group of Auricularia polysaccharides was significantly reduced. Han Chunran et al. Used cellulase and protease to extract polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula and studied its hypoglycemic function, and found that when administered at a dose of more than 200mg / kg, Auricularia polysaccharides can significantly reduce the blood glucose of diabetic mice. The blood sugar level of normal mice had no effect, indicating that the black fungus polysaccharide has a good preventive and preventive effect on diabetes. ^[1]

Other effects

Shen Jianhe and other experimental results on rabbits found that black fungus polysaccharide can significantly prolong the formation time of specific thrombus and fibrin thrombus, shorten the length of thrombus, and reduce the wet and dry weight of thrombus. In addition, black fungus polysaccharides also have various effects such as anti-ulcer, anti-hepatitis, anti-infection, anti-mutation, and promotion of nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis. ^[1]

Black fungus products

Black fungus black fungus spiced dried

Use black fungus without mold and rot fungus, soak it in water for 1 hour, cut off the base and culture medium, etc. After washing, place it in a 1.5% alum solution and soak it for 40 min. Stir it a few times in the meantime, remove the black fungus, and use water. Rinse well. Boil licorice, Guiertong and other spices 2 times with water. After filtering, mix the filtered juice, add sugar, salt, citric acid, etc. and mix well. Put in black agaric funnel for 6h, remove and drain. Dry or dry to 80%, then return to the tank for 6h. Boil black fungus and juice into a pot, boil for 15 minutes, dissolve in sodium benzoate and saccharin sodium, and immerse it in the tank for 4-6 hours, remove it, and let it stand or dry until it is 80% dry. , When the last drying to 80% dry, mix licorice powder, sealed packaging, that is the finished product. ^[1]

Black Fungus Black Fungus Wafer

Weigh milk powder and lard according to the amount, mix and stir, add sugar powder, black fungus extract, and continue to stir, then add flavor, vanillin, preservatives, vitamin C, folic acid, L-lysine, stir and set aside (For sandwich). Add an appropriate amount of water to the flour, stir with sugar powder and leavening agent, and bake in a far-infrared oven to make a crust. According to the conventional method of making biscuits, the crust is shaped, cut, sorted, sorted, and packaged. ^[1]

Black Fungus Black Fungus Instant Noodle

Preparation of black fungus extract: 0.2 kg of dried black fungus, crush, add 2 kg of water, boil for 30 min, and obtain the first extract after filtering. In the remaining residue, 1.5 kg of water is heated, and it is boiled for 20 min. The second extraction solution is filtered, and the two extraction solutions are combined, and concentrated to 1.5 kg for heating. Pressing: Pour the black fungus extract, eggs, refined salt into the dough mixer and mix well. Then pour the flour into the dough mixer and mix well. Stir for another 20 minutes to make the dough flexible and elastic. Deep-fried packaging: Put the pressed noodles in a 150 ° C oil pan, deep-fry and remove them. After cooling, pack them in a plastic bag, put them in a sachet and seal. ^[1]

Black fungus black fungus sand sugar

Put red granulated sugar into the pot, add a small amount of water, and cook over low heat until thick, add black fungus powder, mix thoroughly, and cease the fire. While hot, pour the sugar into a large enamel pan coated with cooking oil, cool slightly, and flatten the sugar. Cut into small pieces with a knife, and after cooling down, it will become brown black fungus sand sugar. ^[1]

Black Fungus Black Fungus Instant Powder

Black fungus powder is used as the main material, combined with black beans and hawthorn. The processing method is: black fungus is washed, dried, and sieved; black beans are cleaned, peeled, degreased, soaked, dried, and crushed. It is made into fine powder with auxiliary materials such as starch, syrup and table salt. Hawthorn is sliced, boiled, filtered, concentrated, and dried to make flour. Finally, three kinds of powder are mixed, packed and sterilized to make black fungus instant powder. ^[1]

Black fungus other products

Black fungus drink

Process flow: fresh black fungus soaking sorting washing cutting pre-cooking extraction filtration filter residue beating fine grinding preparation homogenization vacuum degassing bottling sterilization cooling finished product. ^[1]

Black fungus preserves

Process flow: fresh black fungus sorting cleaning candied candied baking packaging inspection finished product. ^[1]

Black fungus

Process flow: dry black fungus weighing soaking washing shredding ingredients high pressure cooking cooling packing sterilization inspection finished product. ^[1]

Black Fungus Fruit Sauce

Process flow: dry black fungus soaking picking rinsing refining adding sugar cooking ingredients concentration canning sealing sterilization cooling inspection finished product. ^[1]

Black Fungus Recipe

Jujube black fungus soup

Method: 5 jujubes, 15g black fungus, wash the dates, soak the black fungus in cold water, put them in a bowl together, add an appropriate amount of water and rock sugar, put the bowl in the pot and steam for 1 hour, eat red dates, fungus, Drink soup. ^[7]

Served twice daily with heat-clearing and blood-reinforcing effects, suitable for anemia patients. ^[7]

Sweet and Sour Black Fungus

Method: 300g black fungus, rinse it with cold water, wash it, slice it with a kitchen knife, wash it with 50g of peel, peel it with a knife, pat it with a knife, pour the oil into a wok, and when it is seven, it will be cooked. Remove from the pan, stir fry for a while, then add soy sauce, sugar, and fresh soup. When the soup is boiling, use the wet starch to simmer, add rice vinegar, and pour an appropriate amount of cooked oil to the pan. ^[7]

Jujube porridge

Method: Take 150 grams of fragrant glutinous rice, 30 grams of black fungus, 20 jujubes, and raisins and rock sugar.

Soak the fungus for a long time and shred it, then cook the porridge with rice and jujube. After boiling, add the fungus and rock sugar, and boil it to make porridge. ^[8]

This porridge can moisturize the lungs, nourish the yin and nourish the stomach, nourish qi and nourish blood, and strengthen the brain. ^[8]