What is the Difference Between the Largest and Smallest Nuclear Explosions?
Nuclear explosion A process in which a nuclear weapon or device releases a large amount of energy in a few microseconds. In order to facilitate comparison with ordinary explosives, the explosive power of nuclear weapons, that is, the energy released by the explosion, is expressed by the weight of the TNT explosive that releases considerable energy, which is called TNT equivalent. The energy released by the nuclear reaction can increase the temperature of the medium in the reaction zone (also known as the active zone) to tens of millions of kilograms, and increase the pressure to billions of atmospheres (1 atmosphere equals 101,325 Pa), resulting in high temperature and high pressure plasma. The high-temperature and high-pressure plasma generated in the reaction zone radiates X-rays, and at the same time rapidly expands and compresses the projectile, so that the entire projectile also becomes high-temperature and high-pressure plasma and expands rapidly, emitting light radiation, and then forming a shock wave (that is, a shock wave ) Spread far away.
- Chinese name
- Nuclear explosion
- Foreign name
- nuclear explosion
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- chemical reaction
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- Nuclear weapon or device
- Nuclear explosion A process in which a nuclear weapon or device releases a large amount of energy in a few microseconds. In order to facilitate comparison with ordinary explosives, the explosive power of nuclear weapons, that is, the energy released by the explosion, is expressed by the weight of the TNT explosive that releases considerable energy, which is called TNT equivalent. The energy released by the nuclear reaction can increase the temperature of the medium in the reaction zone (also known as the active zone) to tens of millions of kilograms, and increase the pressure to billions of atmospheres (1 atmosphere equals 101,325 Pa), making it a high-temperature and high-pressure plasma. The high-temperature and high-pressure plasma generated in the reaction zone radiates X-rays, and at the same time rapidly expands and compresses the projectile, so that the entire projectile also becomes high-temperature and high-pressure plasma and expands rapidly, emitting light radiation, and then forming a shock wave (that is, a shock wave ) Spread far away.
Nuclear explosion
- After the nuclear explosion, glowing fireballs were first generated, followed by mushroom-like smoke clouds. This is a typical sign of a nuclear explosion.
Nuclear explosion fireball
- When a nuclear weapon exploded in the air at a certain height from the ground, the high-temperature and high-pressure bomb rapidly expanded around and heated the surrounding cold air with X-ray radiation. The characteristics of hot air absorbing high-temperature radiation make the heated and pressurized hot air mass a sphere with approximately uniform temperature and a sudden change in temperature and pressure. This hot air mass is called an isothermal fireball. The fireball (see color picture [nuclear explosion fireball and shock wave]) emits light radiation outwards, and rapidly expands while the temperature and pressure gradually decrease. When the temperature drops to 3000 K, a shock wave is formed that moves around at a speed of 40-50 km / s, and its front (that is, the front of the fireball) still emits light. After the shock wave was formed, the temperature distribution inside the fireball was low on the surface and gradually increased inward. There was a high-temperature core with a uniform temperature inside the fireball. When the temperature of the shock wave front decreased to slightly above 2000 K, the shock wave broke away from the fireball and propagated outward according to the laws of mechanics, and then its front no longer glowed.
- Nuclear explosion
Nuclear explosion mushroom cloud
- After the fireball goes out, a rising cloud of smoke is formed. The reflection of the ground and the negative suction effect of the shock wave near the point of the center of gravity projection caused the ground to lift a huge dust column, and the rising dust column was connected with the smoke cloud to form a tall mushroom-shaped smoke cloud (referred to as a mushroom cloud).
Nuclear explosion
- According to the explosion equivalent and the position of the explosion relative to the ground and water surface, the explosion methods are divided into five types: aerial nuclear explosion, high-altitude nuclear explosion, ground nuclear explosion, underground nuclear explosion, and underwater nuclear explosion.
Nuclear explosion
- A nuclear explosion above a certain height (less than 30 kilometers) from the ground. At the moment of the explosion, a strong and bright flash first appeared, and then a growing and glowing fireball was formed. The shock wave is reflected back to the fireball by the ground and deforms the fireball, forming a round and flat "hoe". Finally, the dust column and smoke cloud rising from the ground form a tall mushroom cloud. Many loud sounds can also be heard where the shock wave goes. The maximum diameter of the fireball and the luminous time, and the height when the mushroom cloud is stable, are mainly determined by the TNT equivalent of the explosion. For a nuclear explosion of 20,000 tons of TNT equivalent, the maximum diameter of the fireball is about 440 meters, the light emission time is about 2.4 seconds, and the height of the stable mushroom cloud is about 11 kilometers.
High-altitude nuclear explosion
- In a nuclear explosion at a height of more than 30 kilometers from the ground, the fireball is generally a vertical ellipsoid, and its expansion, ascent speed, and maximum radius are much larger than those of an aerial nuclear explosion. If the explosion height is greater than 100 kilometers, the fireball phenomenon disappears. Due to the irradiation of light radiation, a luminous and dim "round cake" is formed at an altitude of 80 to 100 kilometers. (Yoke area) produces artificial aurora and other geophysical phenomena.
Nuclear explosion ground nuclear explosion
- Basically similar to a nuclear explosion in the air, a nuclear explosion on the ground is characterized by a fireball in the shape of a hemisphere, with smoke clouds and dust pillars rising from the beginning and throwing a lot of sand and stones around to form a crater.
Nuclear explosion underground nuclear explosion
- The detonation of underground nuclear equipment will release a large amount of energy, causing the relevant geological and equipment materials in the area around the test site to evaporate. The high temperature and compression shock wave generated by the experiment can cause voids and cracks in the test points or change the structure on the wall of the cave. Caverns are caused by vaporization and compression of the original geological medium. The size (or radius) of the cavity can be estimated based on the force of blasting energy, the depth of burial, and the strength of the geological medium. The maximum hole size can be reached within 1/10 of a second after the explosion. In the next few seconds, the explosion, temperature cooling, air pressure dissipated, the components of the gas in the cavity began to condense sequentially, and the condensation sequence proceeded in relative vapor pressure or boiling point. First, rocks and heavy radionuclide elements, together with molten rock blocks on the inner wall of the wall, accumulate into molten clay at the bottom of the cave. After several hours or days of testing, the material above collapsed into the cave, forming a vertical "crushed stone" shaft, which expanded as the ground expanded, forming a crater there. Partially collapsed material will fall into the molten cement. If the initial explosion point was below groundwater, the groundwater would now pour into the cave again.
Underwater nuclear explosion
- A nuclear explosion in a certain water depth will also form a fireball, but the scale is smaller than that of an aerial nuclear explosion, and the luminous time is much shorter. After the fireball is extinguished, a violently expanding balloon (the main component is water vapor) is caused in the water, causing a shock wave in the water. When the balloon rises to the surface of the water, a large amount of steam is ejected, and a large amount of water is poured into the cavity formed by the explosion, thus forming a huge water column Above, it continued to spray radioactive materials outward, forming a cauliflower-like cloud top, whose height was much lower than the mushroom cloud formed by the aerial explosion (see the [underwater nuclear explosion scene]). When the water column sinks, a cloud of mist (called a base wave) is formed, which moves rapidly from the projection point of the explosion center to the surroundings, and the cloud generated above the projection point drifts with the wind, causing heavy rain that lasts for nearly an hour. Underwater explosions deep enough did not cause cauliflower clouds.
- Underwater nuclear explosion scene (3 photos)
Mechanical effects of nuclear explosion
- Nuclear explosion mechanical effects In the explosion energy of low-level nuclear explosions, shock waves account for about 50%, optical radiation accounts for about 35%, early nuclear radiation accounts for about 5%, and residual nuclear radiation in radioactive contamination accounts for about 10%. About 0.1%; for nuclear weapons that are mainly fusion reactions, the remaining nuclear radiation accounts for a much smaller proportion. From the above energy ratio, it can be seen that the mechanical effect of the shock wave plays a major role, except for high-altitude nuclear explosions whose explosion height exceeds approximately 30 kilometers. The mechanical effects of aerial nuclear explosions are mainly manifested in airborne
- Nuclear explosion
Killing and Destructive Effects of Nuclear Explosions
- A nuclear explosion responds to human body and objects through shock waves, light radiation, early nuclear radiation, nuclear electromagnetic pulses and radioactive pollution. The first four all work for only a few seconds after the explosion, and the latter can last for tens of days or even longer. Shock waves can destroy ground structures and harm humans and animals. Light radiation is mainly visible light and infrared rays, which can burn human eyes and skin, and cause objects to burn, causing a fire. The fission products of early nuclear explosions emit strong neutron streams and gamma rays that can penetrate and damage human bodies and buildings. Fission products, unburned nuclear fuel, and elements activated by neutrons will condense from the gasified state into dust particles and settle to the ground, causing radioactive contamination of the ground and air. The emitted gamma and beta rays are called nuclear explosions. Residual radiation can also cause harm to the human body. The gamma rays emitted by a nuclear explosion produce Compton scattering on air molecules, and the scattered asymmetric electron flow stimulates electromagnetic pulses that propagate to the distance in the atmosphere, which can control and operate strategic weapon systems on a large scale and globally. Radio communications pose interference and threats. The degree of lethality and destruction of a nuclear explosion is related to the explosion equivalent and height. Large-scale airborne explosions of more than one million tons are mainly caused by light radiation and shock waves. The range of damage and destruction caused by light radiation is particularly large, and it will also cause large-scale fires in cities. For small-equivalent aerial explosions below 10,000 tons, the killing range of the early nuclear radiation is the largest, followed by the shock wave, and the light radiation is the smallest. Air explosions can only destroy relatively fragile targets, and ground explosions can destroy solid targets, such as underground fortifications and missile silos. A touchdown explosion forms a crater, which can destroy underground fortifications about twice as large as the crater, destroying hard ground targets near the point of impact, but the scope of damage to vulnerable targets is much smaller. Ground explosions can cause widespread radioactive contamination in the downwind direction, and unprotected residents can be severely harmed.
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Nuclear explosion protection
- The various killing and destructive factors of a nuclear explosion can be protected, and as long as effective measures can be taken to reduce or avoid injuries. Building fortifications is a more effective protective measure, especially for underground works, such as tunnels and civil defense works, which have better protection effects. As long as the fortifications are not damaged, the personnel inside are safe. Even simple field fortifications, such as puppets and single-person shelters, have a certain protective effect. The injuries of people inside a simple fortification are generally about two levels lower than those of people on the open ground at the same distance. People exposed on open ground can quickly lie down using terrain, such as ditches, mounds, craters, etc., and cover as much of the exposed parts of the body as possible to reduce injuries. The protection against radioactive contamination is a more complex issue. The contamination situation should be investigated, the contaminated area should be evacuated, and the contamination should be eliminated to reduce injuries.
Nuclear explosion bikini island
- First of all, this picture is a picture taken by American photographers at the risk of their lives-
- Nuclear explosion
- This is the atomic bomb that was just detonated in Bikini Island. In fact, this is a real atomic bomb. People who do nt understand what an atomic bomb say is a hydrogen bomb. Impossible, it is impossible for a hydrogen bomb explosion to take on this shape. The second picture is the moment when the shock wave is about to appear after the atomic bomb explosion. The third picture was taken by me. At that time, I was 40 kilometers away from the atomic bomb explosion. There are coconut trees next to it, the scene is too spectacular. I still remember very well today. Just hearing a muffled sound, the mushroom cloud reached an altitude of 10,000 meters, almost as high as the cloud.
- I saw the bomb explosion with my own eyes. The height of the atomic bomb water column is 3 kilometers. The height of the explosion is 3 kilometers both in the ocean and on land. Only in the air can the mushroom cloud reach 19 kilometers. The water column that explodes in the ocean has a distance of 3 kilometers. The range of the shock wave It is 100 kilometers, the shock wave range of the hydrogen bomb explosion is 405 kilometers, and the flash can be seen within 1000 kilometers. The power of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion is not a joke, it is very powerful, and the atomic bomb is the most powerful weapon in the world.
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Nuclear explosion nuclear radiation
- U.S. President Truman announced that he would conduct two atomic bomb tests on Bikini Island. Two things happened after the atomic bomb exploded. The first was the day of the atomic bomb, when he met an American director who was horribly affected by the atomic bomb. Inspired by the explosion, I thought that it would be much better if a woman wore a bikini. The second thing is nuclear radiation. The radiation after the atomic bomb explosion was so strong that everyone dared not go. U.S. President Truman ordered the army to eliminate nuclear radiation, but scientists said that to remove all the nuclear radiation from the beaches of Bikini Island, all the sand and sand on Bikini Island beaches must be shaved off, but the ground must be dug 300 Meter depth can completely remove nuclear radiation. Truman did not hesitate to directly order the army to carry out this difficult task. The Bikini Atomic Bomb brought these two things. The atomic bomb nuclear radiation of Bikini Island is far more powerful than that of Nobeli nuclear power plant. Because there are 100,000 people exposed to nuclear radiation on Bikini Island. 8,000 people have died from nuclear radiation. 14,250 people died of various diseases. But all are caused by nuclear radiation.
Nuclear explosion really exploded
- At 5:24 am on July 16, 1945, in the desert of New Mexico, the United States, a loud noise, accompanied by a dazzling fireball, instantly illuminated a vast area of tens of square kilometers. The successful test explosion of human first atomic bomb marks that human military confrontation has entered a higher level of terror. [1] The United States conducted a real atomic bomb explosion on Bikini Island, with an equivalent of 30,000 tons of TNT. Bikini Island was almost destroyed by the atomic bomb. The nuclear test picture released by the United States is the excerpt from the nuclear explosion video on the right. It may also be a picture taken by an American photographer.
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- Nuclear explosion
- A total of 2053 nuclear explosions and nuclear explosion tests were performed worldwide from 1945 to 1998
Bibliography of Nuclear Explosions
- S. Glasstone and PJ Dolan, The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd ed., US Department of Defense and Energy Research and Development Administration, 1977.