What Is a Competency Framework?

Structure of ability refers to the way in which the elements that make up ability are interconnected. Capabilities can be divided into general and special. The former is required to complete all activities. Its structural elements include attention, observation, memory, imagination, thinking and operation. The latter refers to the abilities necessary to engage in certain professional activities, such as musical abilities, whose structural elements include the sense of tune and rhythm. The successful completion of any activity requires the coordination of various structural elements of general ability and special ability to form a reasonable structure. Intelligence is at the core of general abilities. Psychologists have different opinions on the structure of intelligence. ^[1]

Capability Structure

There are many types of capabilities, including at least

The basic nature of the capability structure is pluralistic-not a capability but a group of capabilities, and its basic structure is also pluralistic-various capabilities exist not in an integrated form but in a relatively independent form. The modern society is an era where various talents are needed. This requires that education must promote the comprehensive development of each person's various intelligences, so that personality can be fully developed and

Competitive Structure Factors

The problem of the structure of ability is a very important research topic in modern psychology. Analyzing the factors of the ability structure is of great significance for deep understanding of the essence of ability, reasonable design, ability measurement, and scientific formulation of the principles of ability training. ^[2]

1. Two-factor theory. At the beginning of this century, British psychologist and statistician Spearman proposed the two-factor theory of ability (1904). According to this theory, ability is composed of two factors, one is a general factor, called G factor, and the other is a special factor, called S factor. The G factor is required for every kind of activity, and everyone has it, but the magnitude of G is different for each person; the so-called "smart" or "stupid" of a person is determined by the amount of G of. Therefore, Spearman believes that the general factor G is the first and important factor in the intellectual structure.

Special factors S vary from person to person. Even the same person has different types of S. They correspond to various special abilities such as speech ability and spatial cognitive ability. Each specific s only participates in a specific ability activity. The completion of any kind of activity needs to be borne by the general ability factor G and some special ability factor S. For example, speech ability consists of G and S; spatial cognitive ability consists of G and S.

Spearman uses the general factor G to explain the correlation between different tests. He pointed out that different tests always measure the general factor G and some special factors S. Since each test contains the G factor, they must be related to each other.

2. Group factor theory. The group factor theory was proposed by American psychologist Seton through the use of another factor analysis method created by him to deal with ability factors. Seston opposed Spearman's two-factor theory that emphasized general abilities, but believed that any abilities activity depends on many abilities factors that are not related to each other. Therefore, abilities can be decomposed into primitive abilities .

Seston conducted a factor analysis on the results of 56 types of tests, and finally identified 7 primitive abilities, namely, word understanding, speech fluency, numerical computing ability, spatial perception ability, memory ability, perception speed, and reasoning ability.

Two-factor model

Seston constructed an intelligence test using these 7 basic factors. According to his own theory, since any ability is jointly affected by these 7 unrelated primitive abilities, there should be no correlation between the test results of these 7 raw abilities. However, Seton did not achieve his wish, and found that there is still a certain correlation between the so-called 7 kinds of original capabilities, and they are not completely independent. Later, Seston and his followers did a lot of supplementary work. But people have realized that it seems impossible to find the so-called "pure" basic factors.

Is capacity a general, single factor, or a mixture of specific, unrelated capacity factors? Basically, it can be considered that there are some special components in the structure of abilities that play a specific role in some special abilities activities, but there are also some general abilities that play a necessary role in all abilities activities .

Three-dimensional structural model of capability structure

In 1967, American psychologist Gilford proposed a three-dimensional structural model of intelligence. He believes that the intellectual structure should be considered from the three dimensions of operation, content and product. The first dimension of intelligence is operation, that is, the process of intellectual activity, including the five factors of cognition, memory, divergent thinking, aggregate thinking, and evaluation; the second dimension is content, that is, the content of intellectual activity, including graphics, symbols, semantic And behavior; the third dimension is the product, which is the result of intellectual activity, including unit, category, relationship, system, transformation, and contains 6 factors. Combining these three variables will result in 4 × 5 × 6 = 120 different intelligence factors. Gilford designed these ideas into a cube model, with a total of 120 cubes, each cube representing a unique intellectual factor.

Intellectual 3D Structural Model

In 1971, Gilford divided the graphics in the content dimension of intelligence processing into two parts, visual and auditory, with 150 kinds of intelligence factors. In 1988, he divided the memory during intellectual activity into two parts: short-term memory and long-term memory. So far, intelligence has been divided into 180 elements.

Gilford's three-dimensional structure model of intelligence is a popular intelligence theory in the West. It has positive significance for us to understand the complexity of intellectual structure, grasp the relationship between various intellectual elements, and inspire us to carry out in-depth and detailed discussions on intellectual structure.

Capability Structure Hierarchy Theory

In the 1960s, British psychologist Vernon proposed the hierarchy theory of abilities. He believes that abilities are organized according to levels, the highest level is general factors, which is equivalent to Spearman's G factor; followed by two major factor groups: speech-educational ability and operation-mechanical ability; the third layer is a small factor group For example, speech-education ability can be divided into speech factors and quantitative factors. Finally, there are special factors, which are equivalent to Spilman's S factor.

Vernon Intelligence Hierarchy Model

In fact, Foy's theory of hierarchical structure adds two levels between Spearman's G factor and S factor, which is the deepening of Spearman's two-factor theory. ^[2]

Ternary intelligence theory

From the perspective of information processing psychology, contemporary American psychologist Sternberg has proposed the theory of ternary intelligence. He believes that the theory of intelligence can be divided into three sub-theories: situational theory, which clarifies the relationship between intelligence and the environment; experience-based theory, which explains the relationship between intelligence and personal experience; component theory, which reveals the inner psychological structure of intellectual activity . Among them, the intelligence component structure has three levels: the meta component, which is a senior management component, whose role is to implement the control process, including planning, identification and decision-making in the process of completing tasks; the operational component, whose role is to execute the instructions of the meta component , To perform various cognitive processing operations, such as coding, inference, extraction, application, storage, feedback, etc .; knowledge acquisition components, learn how to solve new problems, how to choose strategies to solve problems, and so on. ^[4]

The theory of ternary intelligence is one of the representatives of modern intelligence theory, which coincides with the development of contemporary cognitive psychology, and has made breakthroughs in the research of intelligence theory. It is no longer limited to the traditional factor analysis methods. The study of intelligence theory and practice points out a feasible way.

Multiple intelligence theory

American psychologist Gardner believes that the content of the current intelligence test, due to the emphasis on the measurement of knowledge, has narrowed human intelligence and even misinterpreted human intelligence. According to Gardner's interpretation, intelligence is the ability of individuals to solve problems and create production under the value standards of a certain cultural environment. It mainly includes the following 7 abilities: language abilities, including the ability to speak, read, and write; musical intelligence, including the ability to recognize sound and rhythmic expression; logical and mathematical intelligence, including the ability to calculate numbers and think; Spatial intelligence, including the ability to recognize the environment and direction; physical motor intelligence, including the ability to control the limbs to complete precision work; introspective intelligence, including the ability to know yourself and choose your own life direction; interpersonal intelligence, including the ability to interact with people The ability to socialize and live in harmony. ^[5]