What Are the Different Methods of Self-Harm?

Self-protection is a kind of spontaneous behavior for individuals to maintain psychological balance, that is, through depression, compensation, decoration and sublimation (although these phrases are generated in the psychoanalytic school, they are (Universal) means to change the subjective feelings of psychological tension, cover up the unacceptable internal impulses and the dangers of the virtual reality environment, in order to reduce pain and the awareness of pain, and achieve a psychologically balanced behavioral response.

Self-protection

(Method of self-protection)

A simple child lives in a complex society, and it is necessary to teach him to protect himself, prevent himself and rescue himself in daily life to cope with various violations and disasters. ^[1]

Don't be in a remote place for a couple

1. Trust your instincts and discover that someone is misbehaving and immediately avoid it.

2, take care of friends and family, let others know where they are.

3. Use the safest way to get in and out, avoid night return and take quiet paths.

4. Avoid taking elevators with strangers alone, and stand as close as possible to the alarm bell.

1. Use the "119" phone correctly: When you call the police, you must calm down and not panic.

First, make clear the fire unit, address, burning object, and fire situation, and tell the fire brigade the name and telephone number of the alarm person so that they can be contacted. After the alarm, I or sent someone to pick up the fire truck at the traffic junction leading to the fire scene.

The second is to call the police early to gain time for fire fighting and reduce losses.

2. The causes of fire accidents are: arson, electrical, illegal operation, accidental use of fire, playing with fire, smoking, spontaneous combustion, lightning strikes and other factors, such as earthquakes and wind disasters.

Fire scene illustration

3. Fire: The burning phenomenon that loses control in time and space and causes certain harm, which is called fire.

4. According to the burning substance and characteristics, the fire is divided into five categories: A, B, C, D, and E:

Class A refers to flammable solid material fires; Class B refers to liquid fires and molten solid material fires. Class C refers to combustible gas fires; Class D refers to combustible metal fires such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, titanium, lithium, aluminum alloys and other substances; Class E refers to electrical fires.

5. Different fire extinguishing agents should be selected according to different types of fire:

Water, foam, ammonium phosphate dry powder fire extinguishing agent should be selected to extinguish a Class A fire. Dry powder and foam fire extinguishing agent should be used to extinguish Class B fires. It is not allowed to use chemical foam fire extinguishing agent or anti-solvent foam fire extinguishing agent to extinguish polar solvent Class B fires. The use of dry powder and carbon dioxide fire extinguishing agents should be used to extinguish Class C fires. 7150 fire extinguishing agent, sand, soil, etc. shall be selected for fighting Class D fires. Fire extinguishing agents such as dry powder, carbon dioxide, heptafluoropropane, etc. are used to extinguish Class E fires.

6. The basic principles of fire prevention are: preventing the occurrence of combustion conditions, not combining the three conditions of combustion with each other, and taking measures to limit and weaken the development of combustion conditions to prevent the spread of fire, which is the basic principle of fire prevention.

7. The basic measures for fire prevention are:

Control combustibles. Use non-combustible or non-combustible materials to replace flammable or combustible materials; use local or full ventilation methods to reduce the concentration of flammable gases, vapors and dusts; store items that can interact with each other and chemical reactions are stored separately.

Isolate combustion-supporting materials. It means that flammable gases, liquids, and solids are not in contact with combustion aids such as air, oxygen, or other oxidants. Even if there is a fire effect, combustion will not occur because no combustion aids are involved.

Eliminate ignition sources. It is to strictly control open flames, electric fires, and prevent static and lightning strikes from causing fires.

Stop the fire from spreading. It is to prevent flames or fire sources such as Mars from penetrating into equipment, pipes or spaces with danger of combustion or explosion, or to prevent flames from expanding in equipment and pipes, or to limit the combustion to a certain range so as not to cause outward burning.

8. The basic principle of fire extinguishing is: According to the basic conditions of combustion, all fire extinguishing measures are to destroy the established combustion conditions, or to stop the chain reaction of combustion to extinguish the fire and control the fire within a certain range to the maximum extent. Reduce fire damage.

9. The basic methods of fire extinguishing are: cooling fire extinguishing method, which is to spray the fire extinguishing agent directly on the burning object, reduce the temperature of the combustible substance below the ignition point, and terminate the combustion. Such as fire extinguishing with water.

Isolation fire extinguishing method is to isolate or evacuate burning objects from nearby flammable materials to stop combustion.

Asphyxiation method is to prevent air from flowing into the combustion zone, or to dilute the air with non-combustible materials, so that the combustion materials are cut off from the combustion of oxygen and extinguished. Use foam to extinguish oil fires.

The suppression of fire extinguishing method, also called chemical interruption method, is to make the fire extinguishing agent participate in the combustion reaction process, so that the free radicals generated during the combustion process disappear, and stable molecules or low-active free radicals are formed to stop the combustion reaction.

Such as dry powder extinguishing agent to extinguish gas fire.

10. Common fire extinguishers are: dry powder fire extinguisher, carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, foam fire extinguisher.

11. Fires that cannot be extinguished by water are:

Alkali metals cannot be extinguished with water. Because water and alkali metals (such as metal potassium and sodium) can decompose water to generate hydrogen and emit a lot of heat, it is easy to cause an explosion.

Alkali carbides and hydrogenated alkali metals cannot be extinguished with water. For example, potassium carbide, sodium carbide, aluminum carbide and calcium carbide, and potassium hydride and magnesium chloride can react chemically with water, emitting a lot of heat, which may cause fire and explosion.

Flammable liquids that are lighter than water and insoluble in water cannot be extinguished with water in principle.

Molten molten iron and molten steel cannot be extinguished with water. Because the temperature of molten iron and molten steel is about 1600 ° C, when the water vapor is above 1000 ° C, it can decompose hydrogen and oxygen, which may cause an explosion hazard.

Triacids (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid) cannot be extinguished with a strong water stream. If necessary, they can be extinguished with a spray water stream.

Fires of high-voltage electrical installations cannot be extinguished with water without good grounding equipment or without cutting off the current.

12. How to use carbon dioxide fire extinguisher:

First pull out the safety bolt, then press down the handle (or rotate the valve), and point the nozzle at the root of the flame to extinguish the fire.

Note for carbon dioxide fire extinguishers: Wear gloves when using to prevent skin from contacting the spray barrel and spray hose to prevent frostbite. When using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher to extinguish an electrical fire, if the voltage exceeds 600 volts, power off before extinguishing.

13. How to use dry powder fire extinguisher:

Use the same method as the carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, but it should be noted that before using the dry powder fire extinguisher, the fire extinguisher should be turned upside down several times to make the dry powder in the tube loose. When using ABC dry powder fire extinguishers to extinguish solid fires, the fire extinguishing nozzle should be pointed at the most violent burning position and fired from left to right, and the dry powder fire extinguishing agent should be sprayed as evenly as possible on the surface of the burning object until the fire is extinguished. Due to the little cooling effect of dry powder, it is necessary to prevent re-ignition after fire extinguishing.

14. Fire fighting methods after household appliances catch fire:

Shut down immediately, unplug the power plug or pull down the main gate, if only electric sparks and smoke are found, the fire will go out by itself after power failure.

If the combustible materials such as wire insulation and electrical equipment are on fire, they can be covered with damp cotton quilts and other materials to suffocate the fire.

Do not use water to extinguish, so as not to cause the TV picture tube to explode and hurt people.

Do not connect to the power supply without repairing to avoid electric shock and fire accidents.

15, computer fire rescue method:

If the computer catches fire, even if the machine is turned off, or even unplugged, the components inside the machine are still hot, flames and toxic gases will still be generated, and the fluorescent screen and picture tube may explode. The response method is: , Immediately unplug the plug or turn off the main switch, and then cover the computer with a wet carpet or quilt, etc. This can not only prevent the spread of fireworks, but also block the glass fragments of the fluorescent screen. Do not splash water on the fired computer, even if the computer is turned off, because the sudden drop in temperature will cause the hot picture tube to burst, and there is still residual current in the computer, and water splashing may cause electric shock. Do not lift the cover to watch. When extinguishing the fire, in order to prevent the tube from exploding and hurting people, you can only approach the computer from the side or the back.

16. Prevention of fires at home must be done:

, do not pull the power cord without permission;

Do not litter cigarette butts;

(3) Do not smoke in bed;

Don't read candles in mosquito nets to read books;

Do not incinerate sundries and take effective fire prevention measures when mosquito coils are used;

Do not store flammable and explosive items;

Do not use high-power electrical appliances such as fast heat, electric stoves, air conditioners, etc. Do not use electrical blankets, poor-quality electrical appliances, etc. that may cause fire;

, do not use alcohol stove, liquefier cooker to cook fire;

, ask people to go out of power. If you smell the sticky smell of the wire, you must report it in time and take measures. Do not place table lamps near pillows and bedding;

17. Do not open doors and windows casually in case of fire:

When the doors and windows of a room are tightly closed, the air is not smooth and the indoor oxygen supply is insufficient. Therefore, the fire develops slowly. Once the doors and windows are opened, a large amount of fresh air flows in and the fire develops rapidly. At the same time, a large amount of smoke inflows easily poisons and suffocates And death.

In addition, due to the convection of the air, the flames will blow out, so in the event of a fire, doors and windows cannot be opened casually.

18. Fire escape method:

Generally speaking, the methods of escape from the fire are:

Use an ascending fire truck and use two ladders to escape together;

Use building passages or facilities in buildings to escape;

Self-made equipment to escape;

Finding a place of refuge to escape;

Mutual rescue and escape;

Use fire fighting equipment or other equipment to escape while extinguishing.

19. The correct way to extinguish a fire:

Once there is a fire on your body, you should first take off your clothes and put out the fire; or tumble in place to suffocate the fire. But don't scroll too fast, don't run. If there are water sources such as pools and river ponds nearby, you can jump into the water quickly, or take the nearest water in time to extinguish the fire. However, when the body is burned, care should be taken not to jump into the sewage to prevent infection.

20. Cannot be evacuated by a general elevator when a fire occurs:

Reasons for not being able to easily evacuate by ordinary elevators on the fire scene: First, after a fire, it is easy to power off and cause the elevator to "stuck", which makes rescue work difficult and affects timely evacuation. The second is that the elevator is directly connected to each floor of the building. The smoke from the fire site into the elevator channel can easily cause a "chimney effect". People in the elevator will be suffocated by thick smoke and poisonous gas and suffocate to death.

21. Self-rescue methods for fire escape:

a. After a fire, do not delay precious escape time to get dressed and find money. You should evacuate from the safe passage, safety exit and fire stairs as soon as possible. Do not escape blindly or use the elevator to escape;

b. When leaving the fire, do not walk upright when encountering thick smoke, you should try to walk in a low posture or walk forward, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel to avoid being choked by thick smoke;

c. When the stairs are on fire, but have not been burned out and the fire is not very violent, you can put on the clothes soaked with water or the sheets are quickly washed downstairs. When the stairs have been burned out and the fire is quite fierce, you can use ropes or tear sheets to connect them. One end is tied to solid doors and windows or other heavy objects, and then slide down the rope or cloth strips. )

d. When all kinds of escape routes are cut off, return to the living room, take measures to prevent smoke and fire, close the windows and doors, and water the doors and windows, and cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel for personal protection. , Waving bright things outdoors (you can flashlight at night), send out a distress signal;

e. Once the clothes are burned during the escape, the person who is on fire can fall down and roll on the ground, squash the flame on his body, or help others to put out the flame, remember not to run.

22. Escape method in movie theater fire: Choose corresponding escape method according to different fire parts:

When the stage catches fire, try to get as close to the end of the projection hall as possible to grasp the opportunity to escape;

In the event of a fire in the auditorium, you can use the exits of the stage, projection hall and auditorium to escape;

In the event of a fire in the projection hall, the exits of the stage and the audience hall can be used to escape;

No matter where the fire is, the audience upstairs can evacuate from the evacuation door through the stairs;

In addition, you can obtain materials locally, use curtains and other items, make your own life-saving equipment, and open evacuation routes.

23. How to escape in a dance hall or karaoke hall:

Keep calm and identify the direction of the safety exit.

The camera chooses multiple ways to escape: if the dance hall is located on the ground floor, you can jump out of the window directly; if it is located on the second or third floor, you can grab the windowsill to slide down and let your feet fall first; if the dance hall is located on the upper floor In buildings or underground buildings, the fire escape methods of high-rise or underground buildings shall be used for escape.

If the ballroom's escape passage is blocked by fire and smoke, and when no auxiliary life-saving facilities are found, the trapped person only temporarily escapes to the weaker fire area, sends out a signal for help outside the window, and waits for firefighters to rescue.

Pay attention to prevent poisoning during escape. If you use wet clothes to cover your mouth and nostrils, if you ca nt find water for a while, you can use drinks instead. In the escape operation, you should use low posture walking or crawling to reduce the harm of smoke to the human body.

24. How to escape when taking a bus fire:

When the engine catches fire, get out of the car after the driver opens it. If the location of the fire is in the middle of the car, after the driver opens the door, passengers will get off in an orderly manner from both doors. If the flame is small but the door is closed, passengers can cover their heads with clothing and rush down from the door. If the door line is damaged by fire and cannot be opened, passengers should open the nearest window and turn out. Due to the ever-changing conditions of the fire scene, you must also follow the actual situation when you escape.