What Are the Different Theories of Cognition?
Cognitive theories (theories of cognition) are various psychological theories concerning the internal processing of organism learning, such as the acquisition and memory of information, knowledge, and experience, achieving epiphany, interconnecting ideas and concepts, and problem solving. Theorists who hold the cognitive view of learning include the main representatives of the Gestalt School in Germany, Piaget in Switzerland, and Bruner and Ausubel in the United States. Although they differ greatly from each other, they have some common characteristics in their perspective on learning problems. The first is that they confirm that organisms acquire the formation and change of perceptual or cognitive structures. That is, the basis of learning is the formation and reorganization of the organized structure within the organism, not the formation of stimulus-response connections or the strengthening or changing of behavioral habits. The second is that they believe that the main variables affecting learning are the integrity of the stimulus situation, sudden understanding or perception, meaningful discovery and acceptance, the characteristics of cognitive structure, attention or intention, rather than the proximity and reinforcement of stimulus and response. Enhance programs. This theory is consistent with educational theories of developing intelligence and cultivating creativity, and is more suitable for explaining higher-level cognitive learning. [1]
- The cognitive school regards human psychological function as an information processing system. Cognitive psychology attaches great importance to the study of internal psychological processes, and aims to change the perception of maladaptiveness of visitors. It believes that cognitive distortion is the root cause of poor mood and non-adaptive behavior. Once cognitive distortion is changed or corrected , Emotional and behavioral disorders will improve accordingly.
- The theoretical basis of the cognitive model is the cognitive theory of emotional disorders proposed by Baker et al. He believes that "psychological problems" are not necessarily caused by mysterious and irresistible forces. On the contrary, they can arise from ordinary events, such as wrong learning, and make false inferences based on one-sided or incorrect information , As well as the inability to properly distinguish the difference between reality and ideal. He proposed that each person's emotions and behaviors are largely determined by the way and method of knowing the world and life, that is to say, a person's thought determines his inner experience and reaction.
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- Cognitive theory of social psychology
- Cognitive dissonance theory
- Cognitive Dissonance Some psychologists also call the theory of cognitive dissonance. It is one of the basic theories of social psychology and an important subject in the field of attitude and cognitive research. The theory of cognitive dissonance (cognitive dissonance) is
- Cognitive process
- Cognitive style is an individual's habitual information processing method, also known as cognitive method. Cognitive style is a stable psychological tendency formed by individuals in long-term cognitive activities, and it is expressed as a preference for certain information processing methods. Individuals are often unaware of their preference. For example, when obtaining information, some people like to look for from the external environment and are susceptible to the influence of the external environment, while others explore from the cognitive target itself and are not susceptible to the influence of the external environment. Some people only answer questions when they are sure; when reading materials, some people pay attention to details, while others value the whole.
- Students with different cognitive styles have certain differences in their learning styles, subject interests, and adaptability to teachers 'teaching styles, and these differences will affect students' academic performance. It should be pointed out that cognitive style is not absolutely good or bad. Any cognitive style has its advantages and disadvantages. As long as it can be taught according to the characteristics of different cognitive styles, students of any cognitive style can achieve good results.