What Is a Cobalamin Deficiency?

Vitamin (vitamin) is a kind of trace organic substances that humans and animals must obtain from food in order to maintain normal physiological functions. It plays an important role in human growth, metabolism and development.

Human vitamin deficiency

Vitamins are also known as vitamins. In general, they are substances that support life. They are a kind of organic substances necessary to maintain human life and an important active substance to maintain human health. Vitamins are low in the body, but they are indispensable. Although the chemical structure and properties of various vitamins are different, they have the following in common:

Vitamins exist in food in the form of provitamins (vitamin precursors);

Vitamins are not components of body tissues and cells, nor do they produce energy. Its role is mainly to participate in the regulation of body metabolism;

Most of the vitamins cannot be synthesized or insufficiently synthesized by the body, and cannot meet the needs of the body, and must be obtained frequently through food;

The human body needs a small amount of vitamins, and the daily requirement is often calculated in milligrams (mg) or micrograms (g), but once it is lacking, it will cause the corresponding vitamin deficiency and cause damage to human health;

Vitamins are different from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. They only make up a small percentage of natural foods, but they are necessary for the human body. Some vitamins, such as B6.K, can be synthesized by bacteria in the intestine of animals, and the amount of synthesis can meet the needs of animals. Animal cells can convert tryptophan into niacin (a B vitamin), but the amount is not enough; vitamin C can be synthesized by other animals except primates (including humans) and guinea pigs. Plants and most microorganisms can synthesize vitamins on their own without having to be supplied by the body. Many vitamins are part of the co-group or co-enzyme.

Vitamins are certain small amounts of organic compounds necessary for human and animal nutrition and growth, and have extremely important effects on the body's metabolism, growth, development, and health. If you lack a certain vitamin for a long time, it will cause physiological dysfunction and cause certain diseases. Usually obtained from food. There are now dozens of species found, such as vitamin A, vitamin B, and vitamin C.

Vitamins are essential organic compounds in human metabolism. The human body is like an extremely complex chemical factory, which constantly carries out various biochemical reactions. The reaction is closely related to the catalytic action of the enzyme. To be active, coenzymes must be involved. Many vitamins are known to be coenzymes or constituent molecules of coenzymes. Therefore, vitamins are important substances to maintain and regulate the body's normal metabolism. It can be considered that the best vitamins exist in human tissues in the form of "bioactive substances". [1]

Vitamins are a large family. There are dozens of vitamins currently known, which can be roughly divided into two categories, fat-soluble and water-soluble. Some substances are similar to a vitamin in chemical structure and can be converted into vitamins after a simple metabolic reaction. Such substances are called provitamins. For example, -carotene can be converted into vitamin A; 7-dehydrocholesterol can be converted into Vitamin D3; but it takes many complex metabolic reactions to form. Nicotinic acid tryptophan cannot be called provitamin. Water-soluble vitamins do not need to be digested. After being directly absorbed from the intestine, they are circulated to the tissues needed by the body. Most of the excess are excreted by the urine and are rarely stored in the body. Fat-soluble vitamins are dissolved in fats, emulsified by bile, absorbed in the small intestine, and enter the various organs of the body from the lymphatic circulatory system. The body can store a large number of fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A and D are mainly stored in the liver, vitamin E is mainly stored in adipose tissue in the body, and vitamin K is stored less. Water-soluble vitamins are easily soluble in water but not in non-polar organic solvents. After absorption, they are rarely stored in the body, and excess is excreted from the urine. Fat-soluble vitamins are easily soluble in non-polar organic solvents, but not easily soluble in water. Can be absorbed by the body with fat and accumulated in the body, the excretion rate is not high. [1]

1. The food supply is seriously insufficient and the intake is insufficient; for example: single food, improper storage, cooking damage, etc. Such as folic acid heat loss.

2. Decreased absorption and utilization; such as: digestive diseases or too little fat intake which affects the absorption of fat-soluble Vit (rare in modern urban people).

3. Vitamin demand is relatively high; such as: pregnant and lactating women, children, special types of work, and people in special environments.

4. Improper use of antibiotics will increase the demand for vitamins. [1]

The discovery of vitamins was one of the great discoveries of the 19th century. In 1897, Christian Eijkman discovered in Java that beriberi could be affected by eating only polished white rice, and unpolished brown rice could treat the disease. And found that the substance that can cure beriberi can be extracted with water or alcohol, and it was called "water-soluble B" at that time. In 1906 it was proved that food contains "cofactors" other than protein, lipids, carbohydrates, inorganic salts and water. The amounts are small but necessary for animal growth. In 1911, Kazimierz Funk identified that the substances that can fight beriberi in brown rice are amines (a type of nitrogen-containing compounds), but they have similar properties and distribution in food, and most of them are coenzymes. Some supply must be balanced with each other, such as vitamin B1, B2 and PP, otherwise it can affect physiological effects. Vitamin B complexes include: pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). Some people also include choline, inositol, p-aminobenzoic acid (p-aminobenzoic acid), carnitine, and lipoic acid in the B complex.

Origin of various vitamins:

Vitamin A, anti-dry eye vitamin, also known as beauty vitamin, fat-soluble. Discovered by Elmer McCollum and M. Davis between 1912 and 1914. Not a single compound, but a series of retinol derivatives (retinol is also translated as vitamin A alcohol, rosin oil), nicknamed anti-dry eye vitamins are mostly found in cod liver oil, animal liver, green vegetables, and lack vitamin A Susceptible to night blindness.

Vitamin B1, thiamine, also known as anti-beriberi factor, anti-neuritis factor, etc., are water-soluble vitamins. Discovered by Kazimierz Funk in 1912 (one said in 1911). It is usually present in the body as thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Mostly found in yeast, grains, liver, soybeans, and meat.

Vitamin B2, riboflavin, water-soluble. Discovered by DT Smith and EG Hendrick in 1926. Vitamin G is also found in yeast, liver, vegetables, and eggs. Lack of vitamin B2 is prone to inflammation of the mouth (oral ulcers).

Vitamin PP, water soluble. Discovered by Conrad Elvehjem in 1937. Including nicotinic acid (nicotinic acid) and nicotinamide (nicotinamide), both are pyridine derivatives. Mostly found in nicotinic acid, nicotine acid yeast, cereals, liver, rice bran.

Vitamin B4 (adenine, aminopurine, Adenine) is no longer considered a true vitamin. Choline was discovered by Maurice Gobley in 1850. One of the vitamin B family was first isolated from pig liver in 1849. Since then, choline has been considered as a component of phospholipids. In 1940, Sura and Gyorgy Goldblatt showed that it has vitamin properties according to their respective work. Eggs, animal brains, beer yeast, malt, and soy lecithin are high.

Vitamin B5, pantothenic acid, water-soluble. Discovered by Roger Williams in 1933. Also known as pendonic acid. Mostly found in yeast, grains, liver and vegetables.

Vitamin B6, pyridoxine, water-soluble. Discovered by Paul Gyorgy in 1934. Includes pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Mostly found in yeast, cereals, liver, eggs, dairy products.

Biotin, also known as Vitamin H or Coenzyme R, is water soluble. Mostly found in yeast, liver, and grain.

Vitamin B9 Folic acid, water soluble. Also known as pteroylglutamic acid, pterate monoglutamate, vitamin M, or leaf sperm. Mostly found in vegetable leaves and liver.

Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, water-soluble. Discovered by Karl Folkers and Alexander Todd in 1948. Also known as cyanocobalamin or coenzyme B12. Mostly found in liver, fish, meat and eggs.

Inositol, water soluble, cyclohexyl alcohol, vitamin Bh. Mostly found in the heart and meat.

Vitamin C, ascorbic acid, water-soluble. Discovered by James Lind in 1747. Also known as ascorbic acid. Mostly found in fresh vegetables and fruits.

Vitamin D, calcified alcohol, fat-soluble. Discovered by Edward Mellanby in 1922. Also known as calciferol and rickets-resistant vitamins, there are mainly vitamin D2, ergocalciferol, and vitamin D3, cholecalciferol. This is the only vitamin that the body can synthesize in small amounts. Mostly found in cod liver oil, egg yolk, dairy products, and yeast.

Vitamin E, tocopherol is fat soluble. Discovered by Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop in 1922. There are four kinds of , , and . Mostly found in eggs, liver, fish, and vegetable oils.

Vitamin K, naphthoquinones, fat-soluble. Discovered by Henrik Dam in 1929. Is a series of naphthoquinone derivatives collectively, mainly natural vitamin K1 from plants, vitamin K2 from animals, and artificially synthesized vitamin K3 and vitamin K4. Also known as clotting vitamins. Mostly found in spinach, alfalfa, cabbage, and liver.

The definition of vitamins requires vitamins to meet the following four characteristics before they can be called essential vitamins.

Exogenous: The human body cannot synthesize itself (vitamin D can be synthesized in small amounts by the human body, but it is still considered an essential vitamin because of its importance) and needs to be supplemented through food;

Minority: The amount required by the human body is small, but it can play a huge role;

Regulatory: Vitamins must be able to regulate human metabolism or energy transition;

Specificity: When a certain vitamin is lacking, a person will have a unique morbid state.

According to these four characteristics, the human body needs a total of 13 vitamins, which are commonly referred to as 13 essential vitamins:

Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Vitamin H (Biotin), Vitamin P, Vitamin PP, Vitamin M, Vitamin T, Vitamin U, Water-soluble Vitamins.

Vitamin A Introduction

Unsaturated monohydric alcohols are fat-soluble vitamins. Because human or mammals are prone to dry eye disease when they lack vitamin A, it is also called anti-dry eye alcohol. It is known that there are two types of vitamin A: A1 and A2. A1 exists in the retina of the liver, blood and eyeballs of animals. A2 is mainly found in the liver of freshwater fish. Vitamin A1 is a fat-soluble light yellow flaky crystal with a melting point of 64 ° C, and vitamin A2 has a melting point of 17 to 19 ° C. It is usually a golden yellow oil. Vitamin A is a polyenol containing a -berberone ring. The difference between the chemical structure of vitamin A2 and A1 is that there is only one extra double bond at the 3.4 position of the -bulebrone ring. Vitamin A has unsaturated bonds in the molecule, and is chemically active, easily oxidized in the air, or destroyed by ultraviolet radiation, and loses its physiological effect. Therefore, vitamin A preparations should be stored in brown bottles and protected from light. Both A1 and A2 can interact with antimony trichloride and present a dark blue color. This property can be used as a basis for quantitative determination of vitamin A. Many plants such as carrots, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables, and corn contain carotenoids, such as , , -carotene, cryptoxanthin, and lutein. Some of these carotenoids have the same ring structure as vitamin A1, which can be converted into vitamin A in the body. Therefore, they are called provitamin A. -carotene contains two ring structures of vitamin A1 and has the highest conversion rate. One molecule of -carotene and two molecules of water can produce two molecules of vitamin A1. In animals, this hydro-oxidation process is catalyzed by -carotene-15,15'-oxygenase, which occurs mainly in the mucosa of the small intestine of animals. Vitamin A, which is produced by the decomposition of -carotene, is combined with fatty acids in the small intestinal mucosal cells to form esters, which are then incorporated into chylomicrons and absorbed into the body through the lymph. Animal livers are the main place to store vitamin A. When the body needs it, it is released into the blood. In blood, retinol (R) binds to retinol-binding protein (RBP) and plasma prealbumin (PA), generates R-RBP-PA complexes, and transports them to various tissues.

It was derived from cod liver in 1913 by the United States of America chemist Davies. It is a yellow powder that is insoluble in water and easily soluble in organic solvents such as fats and oils. Chemical properties are relatively stable, but easy to be destroyed by ultraviolet rays, and should be stored in brown bottles. Vitamin A is the raw material of rhodopsin in the eyes, and it is also a necessary material for skin tissues. People who lack it will get dry eye disease, night blindness, etc.

B1 is the earliest vitamin purified by people. In 1896, the scientist of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Ikman first discovered that in 1910, Polish chemist Funk was extracted and purified from rice bran. It is a white powder, easily soluble in water, and easily decomposed in the presence of alkali. Its physiological function is to increase appetite and maintain normal nerve activity. Without it, it can cause beriberi and neurodermatitis. Adults need 2mg daily. It is widely found in foods such as rice bran, egg yolk, milk, tomato, etc., and can now be artificially synthesized. Because its molecule contains sulfur and amino, it is called thiamine, also known as beriberi vitamin. The extracted vitamin B1 hydrochloride is monoclinic; the vitamin B1 nitrate is colorless triclinic crystal and has no hygroscopicity. Vitamin B1 is easily soluble in water, and can be lost with water in the process of food cleaning. After heating, B1 mainly exists in the soup. Vitamins can be lost or destroyed in large quantities if the dishes are too finely processed, improperly cooked, or made into canned food. Vitamin B1 can be easily destroyed by heating in alkaline solution, which can show blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Using this feature, vitamin B1 can be detected and quantified. Vitamin B1 is converted into thiamine pyrophosphate (also known as cocarboxylase) in the body and is involved in the metabolism of sugars in the body. Therefore, in the absence of vitamin B1, the oxidation of sugar in tissues is affected. It also inhibits cholinesterase activity. In the absence of vitamin B1, this enzyme activity is too high. A large amount of acetylcholine (one of the neurotransmitters) is destroyed and nerve conduction is affected. It can cause slow gastrointestinal motility and reduce digestive tract secretion. Loss of appetite and indigestion.

To maintain the normal metabolism of the human body and the normal physiological functions of the nervous system. Beriberi

Vitamin B2: It is directly related to energy production, promotes growth and cell regeneration, and improves vision. B2 is also known as riboflavin. Bruce, a chemist in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, first discovered it from whey in 1879, and it was extracted from milk by the chemist Golbeg, a chemist in the United States of America, in 1933. It was synthesized by German chemist Cohen in 1935. Vitamin B2 is an orange-yellow needle-like crystal with a slightly bitter taste. The aqueous solution has yellow-green fluorescence and is easily decomposed under alkaline or light conditions. This is the reason for not making alkali. The human body lacks it susceptible to stomatitis, dermatitis, microangiogenesis and so on. Adults should consume 2 to 4 mg per day. It is found in large quantities in foods such as cereals, vegetables, milk and fish.

Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is the body's most in need of B vitamins. It is not only a vitamin to maintain a healthy digestive system, but also an indispensable substance for the synthesis of sexual hormones. For modern people who are full of stress, the efficacy of niacin in maintaining the health of the nervous system and normal functioning of the brain can never be ignored.

Recommended daily intake: The recommended daily intake for adults is 13 to 19 mg. 20 mg for pregnant women (maternity products, information for pregnant women); 22 mg for lactating women.

Deficiency: Pellagra.

Need the crowd

People who are troubled by cholesterol can increase the intake of niacin; when the skin (skin products, skin information) is particularly sensitive to sunlight, it is often an early symptom of niacin deficiency; dermatitis, peeling, and rough skin People need niacin; people who lack vitamin B1.B2.B6 in their body need extra supplements because they can't synthesize niacin from tryptophan; they often have nervousness, irritability, and even people with schizophrenia have the benefit of vitamin B3. , Hyperthyroidism also needs niacin.

Vitamin B5

B5 is also called pantothenic acid. Anti-stress, anti-cold, anti-infection, prevent the toxicity of certain antibiotics, eliminate postoperative abdominal distension.

Vitamin B6: Helps break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates. It has the functions of suppressing vomiting and promoting development, and its absence can cause symptoms such as vomiting and cramps. Includes three substances, namely pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Pyridoxine is converted into pyridoxal in the body. Pyridoxal and pyridoxamine can be converted into each other. Yeast, liver, lean meat, cereals, cabbage and other foods are rich in vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 is easily soluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in fatty solvents; it is easily damaged when exposed to light and alkali, and is not resistant to high temperatures. Vitamin B6 combines with phosphoric acid in the body to form pyridoxal phosphate or pyridoxamine phosphate. They are many kinds of coenzymes related to amino acid metabolism enzymes, so they are very important for amino acid metabolism.

Daily demand

The human body needs about 1.5 to 2 milligrams per day. Food is rich in vitamin B6, and intestinal bacteria can also synthesize, so humans rarely develop vitamin B6 deficiency.

Side effects: About 100 mg daily will cause damage to the brain and nerves. Excessive intake may also cause so-called neuropathy, a neurological disease that is dull. In the worst case, the skin can become unconscious.

Vitamin B7

Vitamin B7 (also known as biotin) is part of the B vitamins. "Vincent DuVigneaud" first discovered this biotin in 1940. The main role of B7 is to help human cells convert carbohydrates, fats and proteins into energy they can use. However, this is just one of its many features.

1. It is water-soluble fiber: there are two different types of vitamins, fat-soluble and water-soluble. First, fat-soluble vitamins are very stable and difficult to destroy. Water-soluble vitamins are more sensitive and can be easily destroyed by powerful heat and light. Second, fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, while water-soluble vitamins cannot.

Vitamin B7 is a water-soluble vitamin, which means you need to consume a certain amount every day. The recommended amount is 0.03mg for men and 0.01mg for women. In addition, make sure that foods containing this vitamin are properly stored and cooked to ensure that their B7 content is intact.

2. Almost all foods contain it: almost all foods contain at least a trace amount of vitamin B7. However, some foods are more abundant. Such as egg yolk, liver, milk, mushrooms and nuts are the best sources of biotin. Therefore, these foods should be included in the diet.

3. There are many factors that can cause vitamin B7 deficiency: Unlike most vitamins, insufficient B7 intake is not the only cause of deficiency. Alcoholism can prevent the absorption of this vitamin, and some genetic diseases may require you to increase your B7 intake. Therefore, due consideration should be given to more supplements based on the above factors.

4. Helps control diabetes: Studies have shown that the role of vitamin B7 also includes helping people with diabetes control blood sugar levels and prevent nerve damage caused by the disease.

Vitamin B9

Also called folic acid. There are a variety of co-ammonium forms in cells, responsible for single carbon metabolism utilization, used to synthesize purines and thymine, as raw materials for DNA replication during cell proliferation, providing methyl groups to synthesize cysteine to methionine to assist Conversion between multiple amino acids. Therefore, folic acid participates in cell proliferation, reproduction, and heme synthesis, and has a significant impact on the differentiation and maturation of blood cells and fetal development (blood cell proliferation and fetal nerve development). Avoiding the accumulation of cysteine can protect the blood vessels of the heart and may slow the occurrence of dementia.

Vitamin B12

Maintains a healthy nervous system for the formation of red blood cells. The deficiency was megaloblastic anemia. In 1947, female scientist Xiao Bo from the United States of America found vitamin B12 in bovine liver infusion. After analysis by a chemist, it was an organic compound containing cobalt. It is chemically stable and is an indispensable substance for human hematopoiesis. The lack of it will produce pernicious anemia.

Vitamin B12, which is an anti-malignant anemia vitamin, also known as cobalamin, contains metallic element cobalt. It is the only vitamin that contains metallic elements. It resists fatty liver and promotes the storage of vitamin A in the liver. It also promotes cell maturation and body metabolism. It is different from other B vitamins. Generally, it is very little in plants and is only produced by certain bacteria and bacteria in the soil. Before it can be absorbed, it must be combined with a glycoprotein (also called internal factor) secreted by the stomach pylorus. B12 deficiency due to lack of "internal factors" should be treated with injections. Deoxyadenosylcobalamin is the main form of vitamin B12 in the body. It is a coenzyme that catalyzes the exchange of hydrogen, alkyl, carbonyl or amino groups on two adjacent carbon atoms. Another form of coenzyme in the body is methylcobalamin, which participates in the transport of methyl groups and is often related to the action of folic acid. It can increase the utilization of folic acid to affect the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, thereby promoting the development and maturation of red blood cells .

In the absence of vitamin B12, pernicious anemia occurs, and the human body requires very little B12. The human body needs about 12 g (1/1000 mg) per day, and people will not lack it under normal circumstances.

Vitamin B13

Chemical name: Lactic acid

There is no recommended daily intake. It can prevent liver disease and premature aging, and is helpful for the treatment of various sclerosis. Studies have yet to find out about vitamin B13 deficiency.

Side effects: So far, people's understanding of vitamin B13 is limited, so there is no example guideline.

The enemy of vitamin B13: water, sunlight

Recommendations: People have limited knowledge of vitamin B13 and fail to make recommendations, as directed by a physician or nutritionist.

Vitamin B15

(Panine). It is mainly used to fight fatty liver and improve the oxygen metabolism rate of tissues. Sometimes used to treat coronary heart disease and chronic alcoholism.

Vitamin B17

Very toxic. Some people think that it can control and prevent cancer.

In addition, choline and inositol are often classified as essential vitamins. They are members of the vitamin B family.

Vitamin C physiological functions

The chemical structure of Vitamin C

Vitamin C Introduction

Vitamin C, also called L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that can treat scurvy and is acidic, so it is called ascorbic acid. It is high in lemon juice, green plants and tomatoes. Ascorbic acid is a monoclinic or needle crystal, and is easily oxidized to generate dehydroascorbic acid. Dehydroascorbic acid still has the function of vitamin C. In alkaline solutions, the lactone ring in the molecule of dehydroascorbic acid is easily hydrolyzed to diketogulonic acid. This compound cannot change to a lactone-type structure in animals. Oxalic acid or sulfuric acid combined with sulfuric acid is finally formed in the human body and is excreted from the urine. Therefore, diketogulonic acid no longer has physiological activity. [2]

Discovered in lemon juice by Norwegian chemist Holst in 1907, the pure product was only obtained in 1934 and can now be artificially synthesized. Vitamin C is the most unstable vitamin. Because it is easily oxidized, vitamin C can be destroyed during food storage or cooking, even when chopping fresh vegetables. Trace amounts of copper and iron ions can speed up the destruction. Therefore, only fresh vegetables, fruits or mixed vegetables are a rich source of vitamin C. It is a colorless crystal with a melting point of 190 to 192 ° C. It is easily soluble in water. The aqueous solution is acidic and chemically active. It is easy to decompose when exposed to heat, alkali and heavy metal ions.

Plants and most animals can synthesize vitamin C in their bodies. However, humans, primates, and guinea pigs lack the enzymes that convert L-gulonic acid into vitamin C and cannot synthesize vitamin C. Therefore, they must be taken from food. If vitamin C is lacking in food, it will cause damage. Blood disease. At this time, bleeding occurred due to the interstitial formation disorder, loose teeth, difficult healing of the wound, and easy fractures. Due to the long half-life of vitamin C in the human body (approximately 16 days), scurvy does not occur until 3 to 4 months after eating foods without vitamin C. Because vitamin C is easily oxidized and reduced, it is generally believed that its natural effect should be related to this characteristic. Vitamin C is directly related to the normal synthesis of collagen, tyrosine metabolism in the body, and iron absorption. The main function of vitamin C is to help the body to complete the redox reaction, so as to improve the brain power and improve the intelligence. According to Pauling, the Nobel Prize winner, taking large doses of vitamin C can prevent colds and fight cancer. However, some people have suggested that vitamin C can promote the generation of free radicals in the presence of ferrous ions (Fe2 +), so it is considered unsafe to use a large amount.

Daily demand

The Dietary Reference Intake (RNI) recommended by the Chinese Society of Nutritionists is 100 mg / day for adults, the maximum intake is 1000 mg / day, and the maximum intake (UL) is 1000 mg / day. That is half a guava, 75 grams of pepper, 90 grams of broccoli, 2 kiwis, 150 grams of strawberries, 1 grapefruit, half papaya, 125 grams of fennel, 150 grams of cauliflower, or 200 ml of orange juice.

Efficacy: Vitamin C can capture free radicals, which can prevent diseases such as cancer, arteriosclerosis and rheumatism. In addition, it enhances immunity and is good for skin, gums and nerves.

Side effects: So far, vitamin C is considered harmless because the kidneys can excrete excess vitamin C. A newly published study in the United States states that a large amount of vitamin C circulation in the body is not good for wound healing. Daily intake of more than 1,000 mg of vitamin C can cause diarrhea, infertility of kidney stones, and even genetic defects.

Adverse reactions

According to research at home and abroad, with the increasing use of vitamin C, adverse reactions are increasing.

diarrhea. Taking 1 to 4 grams of vitamin C daily can accelerate peristalsis of the small intestine, causing abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Stomach bleeding. Long-term oral administration of vitamin C can cause nausea and vomiting. At the same time, due to increased gastric acid secretion, it can promote the pain of gastric and duodenal ulcers. In severe cases, it can also cause hyperemia and edema of gastric mucosa, leading to gastric bleeding.

stone. After a large amount of vitamin C enters the human body, most of it is metabolized and decomposed by the liver. The final product is oxalic acid, which is excreted from the urine into oxalate. Some people have found that 4 grams of vitamin C taken orally every day, within 24 hours, The amount of salt will surge from 58 mg to 620 mg. If you continue to take it, oxalate will continue to increase, which will easily cause urinary system stones.

gout. Gout is a disease caused by a disorder in the purine metabolism in the body, which is mainly manifested by an excessively high concentration of uric acid in the blood, which causes a series of symptoms in the joints, connective tissues and kidneys. Taking a large amount of vitamin C can cause a sharp increase in uric acid and induce gout.

Infant dependence. Pregnant women taking large amounts of vitamin C continuously can cause the fetus to become dependent on the drug. After birth, if you do not give your baby a large amount of vitamin C, scurvy can occur, such as loss of energy, redness, bleeding, subcutaneous bleeding, and even gastrointestinal and urinary tract bleeding symptoms.

Children's orthopedics. Children who take a lot of vitamin C can suffer from orthopedic diseases, and the incidence is high.

Infertility. Women of childbearing age who take large amounts of vitamin C for a long time (such as when the daily dose is greater than 2 grams) will reduce fertility.

Reduced immunity. Taking a large amount of vitamin C for a long time can reduce the phagocytosis of white blood cells and reduce the body's disease resistance.

Allergic reactions. The main manifestations are rash, nausea, vomiting, and anaphylactic shock can occur in severe cases, so it cannot be abused.

The physiological function of vitamin D

Vitamin D Introduction

It is a steroid derivative and is a fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin D is related to the calcification of animal bones, so it is also called calcifying alcohol. It has anti-rickets effect, and it is abundant in animal liver, milk and egg yolk, especially cod liver oil. There are two types of natural vitamin D, ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3). The ergosterol (24-methyl-22 dehydro-7-dehydrocholesterol) contained in vegetable oil or yeast can be converted into vitamin D2 after being activated by ultraviolet rays. Under the skin of animals, 7-dehydrocholesterol can also be converted into vitamin D3 by ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol are often referred to as provitamin D. In animals, they must undergo a series of metabolic transformations in animals to become active substances. This transformation is mainly a hydroxylation reaction in the liver and kidneys, first hydroxylated to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the liver, and then further hydroxylated to 1,25 (OH) 2-D3 in the kidney, which is vitamin D3 Active form in the body. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has significant activity in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism (Figure 11). It promotes the absorption and transport of phosphorus in the small intestinal mucosa, and also promotes the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus by the renal tubules. In the bones, it not only helps the calcification of new bones, but also promotes the release of calcium from the old bone marrow, thereby continuously renewing the bone mass, while maintaining the balance of blood calcium. Since 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is transferred into the blood circulation after kidney synthesis, and acts on long-range target tissues such as the small intestine, renal tubules, and bone tissue, which basically meets the characteristics of hormones, some people have classified vitamin D as a hormone. substance. Vitamin D has the effect of regulating calcium, so it is necessary for the normal development of bones and teeth. Especially in pregnant women, babies and adolescents in large quantities. If the amount of vitamin D is insufficient at this time, the calcium and phosphorus in the blood are lower than normal, and bones will become soft and deformed: it occurs in children called rickets; in pregnant women it is osteomalacia. One gram of vitamin D is 40 million international units. Daily requirements for infants, adolescents, pregnant women and breastfeeders are 400 to 800 units.

Vitamin D was first extracted from cod liver oil by chemist Carl in 1926. It is a pale yellow crystal with a melting point of 115-118 ° C. It is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents such as ether. It is chemically stable and can still maintain biological activity at 200 ° C, but is easily destroyed by ultraviolet light. Therefore, vitamin D-containing drugs should be stored in brown bottles. The physiological function of vitamin D is to help the body absorb phosphorus and calcium, and it is an essential raw material for bone formation. Therefore, lack of vitamin D can cause snoring. It is abundant in cod liver oil, animal liver and egg yolk. Vitamin D synthesis in the human body is related to sun exposure, so proper light is good for health.

Daily demand

0.0005 to 0.01 mg. 35 g herring fillets, 60 g salmon fillets, 50 g eel or 2 eggs plus 150 g mushrooms. Only people with little rest need to eat foods or preparations containing vitamin D.

Efficacy: Vitamin D is the engine that forms bones and cartilage, making teeth hard. It is also important for nerves and has an inhibitory effect on inflammation.

Side effects: Researchers estimate that long-term intake of 0.025 mg of vitamin D per day is harmful to the human body. Possible consequences are: nausea, headache, kidney stones, muscle atrophy, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, mild poisoning, diarrhea, thirst, weight loss, polyuria and nocturia. Severe poisoning can damage the kidneys and calcify soft tissues (such as the heart, blood vessels, bronchi, stomach, and renal tubules).

1. Vitamin C supplementation to prevent cataracts. Cataract is a common eye disease in the elderly at this stage. In severe cases, it can cause complete blindness, impair reading and affect daily life. Due to the current level of ozone layer destruction, the incidence of cataracts is increasing. [3]

Experts believe that the formation of cataracts is caused by the oxidation of crystals. Vitamin C can inhibit this oxidation. Taking three tablets of vitamin C (100 mg per tablet) daily can have a protective effect. In addition, taking vitamin C has a positive effect on protecting the liver, preventing gastric cancer, and eating lotus roots.

2. Vitamin D supplementation prevents osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a common disease in middle-aged people, especially those who lack physical exercise and are confined to working women in the office all day.

3. Supplement vitamin E to fight aging and prevent cancer. Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is an excellent antioxidant. First, it helps to delay aging, enhance the body's immune level, help the body clear accumulated oxygen free radicals, and make the skin more delicate and more elastic;

For example, those who eat fresh vegetables and fruits are not required to take vitamin C; if outdoor manual workers often bask in the sun, they can be transformed by the skin to form rich vitamin D, and no additional supplement is needed. In addition, despite the good antioxidant benefits of vitamins everywhere, it should not be taken in high concentrations or overdose, otherwise it will be self-defeating and affect Renkang.

The physiological function of vitamin E

Vitamin E Introduction

Vitamin E is the general name of all tocopherols and tocotrienols and their derivatives with -tocopherol activity, also known as tocopherols. It is a fat-soluble vitamin mainly found in vegetables and legumes. Most abundant in oil. There are 8 kinds of naturally occurring vitamin E, all of which are derivatives of phenylhydrazone, which can be divided into tocopherols and tocotrienols according to their chemical structure (Figure 12). The number and position are different, divided into four kinds of -, -, - and -. Commercial vitamin E has the highest physiological activity of -tocopherol. The physiological activities of - and -tocopherol and -triene tocopherol are only 40%, 8% and 20% of -.

Natural alpha-tocopherol is dextro-type, ie d-alpha-tocopherol. It is the most biologically active form of Vitamin E. One gram of d--tocopherol has a biological activity of 1490 IU, so it is called 1490 vitamin E. In addition, derivatives such as d--tocopheryl acetate and d--tocopherol succinate are often used in vitamin E supplements. Since 1 g of d--tocopheryl acetate has a biological activity of only 1360 IU, it is called 1360 vitamin E, and d--tocopheryl acetate and succinate must be treated with pancreatic lipase and intestine before absorption. The mucosal lipase can be absorbed by the human body when it is hydrolyzed into free biologically active tocopherols, that is, -tocopherol, which plays an anti-oxidant role, and therefore cannot be used for external use. In external use, d--tocopherol acetate can only play a moisturizing role, while d--tocopherol has a dual effect of moisturizing and antioxidant.

Vitamin E is a slightly viscous, light yellow oily substance, which is relatively stable under anaerobic conditions and will not be destroyed even when heated to above 200 ° C. But in the air, vitamin E is easily oxidized and becomes darker. Vitamin E is prone to oxidation. Therefore, it can protect other easily oxidized substances (such as vitamin A and unsaturated fatty acids) from being destroyed. Vitamin E in food is mainly absorbed in the upper small intestine of animals, and is mainly carried by -lipoprotein in the blood and transported to various tissues. Isotopic tracer experiments show that -tocopherol can be oxidized to -tocoquinone in tissues. After the latter is reduced to -tocohydroquinone, it can be combined with glucuronic acid in the liver, enter the intestine with bile, and be excreted through feces. The metabolism of other vitamin E is similar to that of alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is necessary for animal reproduction. In the absence of vitamin E, the testes of male mice degenerate and normal sperm cannot be formed; the embryos and placenta of female mice are atrophied and absorbed, which may cause miscarriage. Animals lacking vitamin E can also develop muscle atrophy, anemia, brain softening, and other neurodegenerative diseases. If accompanied by insufficient protein, it can cause acute liver cirrhosis. Although the metabolic mechanism of these lesions has not been fully elucidated, various functions of vitamin E may be related to its antioxidant effect. The symptoms of some human diseases are similar to those of animals lacking vitamin E. As the vitamin E content in general foods is still sufficient, it is easier to absorb, so vitamin E deficiency is not prone to occur, and it is only found when the intestine absorbs lipids incompletely. Vitamin E is widely used in clinical trials and has been found to have certain prevention and treatment effects on certain diseases, such as anemia, atherosclerosis, muscular dystrophy, cerebral edema, male or female infertility, threatened abortion, etc. Use Vitamin E to prevent aging. Vitamin E was discovered and extracted from malt oil in 1922 by Evans, a chemist in the United States of America, and it was already artificially synthesized in the 1940s. Vitamin E is an excellent antioxidant in the human body. If the human body lacks it, neither men nor women can have children. In severe cases, it can cause muscular dystrophy and neuronumbness.

Vitamin K physiological functions

Is a fat-soluble vitamin. Because it has the function of promoting blood coagulation, it is also called blood coagulation vitamin. Common are vitamin K1 and K2. K1 is synthesized by plants, such as green leafy plants such as alfalfa, spinach; K2 is synthesized by microorganisms. Human intestinal bacteria can also synthesize vitamin K2. Modern vitamin K can be artificially synthesized, such as vitamin K3, which is commonly used in clinical practice. Vitamin K is a derivative of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Vitamin K1 is a yellow oily substance, and K2 is a pale yellow crystal, both of which are heat resistant, but are easily damaged by ultraviolet radiation, so they should be stored protected from light. Synthetic K3 and K4 are water soluble and can be used orally or by injection. The anticoagulant drug coumarin used clinically has a chemical structure similar to that of vitamin K and can counteract the effects of vitamin K. It can be used to prevent the formation of thrombus. Vitamin K is closely related to the four coagulation factors (prothrombin, factor , , and X) synthesized by the liver. If vitamin K1 is absent, the four coagulation factors synthesized by the liver are abnormal protein molecules and their ability to catalyze coagulation Greatly decreased. Vitamin K is known to be a cofactor for the glutamate gamma carboxylation reaction. In the absence of vitamin K, the -carboxylation of the above-mentioned coagulation factors cannot proceed. In addition, these blood coagulation factors are reduced, and coagulation retardation and bleeding disorders may occur. In addition, it is recognized that vitamin K is dissolved in the lipids of the mitochondrial membrane and plays an electron transfer function. Vitamin K can increase intestinal motility and secretion. In the absence of vitamin K, smooth muscle tension and contraction weaken, and it can affect the metabolism of some hormones . For example, it can delay the decomposition of glucocorticoids in the liver, and at the same time have a hydrocortisone-like effect. Long-term injection of vitamin K can increase the endocrine activity of the thyroid. Vitamin K deficiency is common in biliary tract obstruction, lipolysis, long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and newborns. Vitamin K can be used to correct it. However, excessive doses of vitamin K also have a certain degree of toxicity, such as 30 mg / day for neonatal injections, which may cause hyperbilirubinemia for three consecutive days.

Vitamin K was discovered and extracted from Danish chemist Dam in 1929 from animal liver and hemp seed oil. It is a yellow crystal with a melting point of 52-54 ° C. It is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents such as ether. Vitamin K is chemically stable, heat and acid resistant, but easily decomposed by alkali and ultraviolet light. It promotes blood clotting in the body. The human body lacks it, prolongs the coagulation time, and in severe cases, it will bleed and even die. It is strange that a kind of bacteria in the human intestine will continuously produce vitamin K for the human body. In addition, it is rich in pork liver, eggs, and vegetables, so ordinary people will not lack it. At present, it can be artificially synthesized, and chemists can cleverly change its "character" to be water-soluble, which is beneficial to human body absorption, and has been widely used in medicine.

The physiological function of vitamin H

Biotin, also known as vitamin H and coenzyme R, also belongs to the vitamin B family. It is an essential substance for the synthesis of vitamin C and is an indispensable substance for the normal metabolism of fats and proteins. It is a colorless long needle-like crystal with a fluorene ring combined with urea and thiophene, and has a valeric acid side chain. It is soluble in hot water and insoluble in organic solvents. It is quite stable at ordinary temperatures. It loses activity. Biotin combines with enzymes to participate in the fixation and carboxylation of carbon dioxide in the body. It is converted into oxaloacetate with important metabolic processes in the body, such as carboxylation of pyruvate, and acetylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Related to the main biochemical reactions. It is also a growth factor for certain microorganisms, and a very small amount (0.005 micrograms) can make the test bacteria grow. For example, Streptomyces requires very little biotin to grow. The human body needs about 100 to 300 micrograms per day. There is an avidin protein in raw egg white that can be combined with biotin, and the combined biotin cannot be absorbed by the digestive tract; resulting in a lack of biotin in the animal body, at this time, loss of appetite, glossitis, dandruff dermatitis, hair loss Wait. However, no cases of human biotin deficiency have been seen, probably because intestinal bacteria can synthesize biotin in addition to food sources. Vitamin H has the effect of preventing white hair and hair loss, and maintaining skin health. If biotin is used together with vitamins A, B2.B6. And niacin (vitamin B3), they will complement each other and work better. Vitamin H is commonly found in multivitamin B and multivitamin formulations.

The physiological function of vitamin P

Vitamin P is made up of citrus bioflavonoids, rutin and hesperetin. Vitamin C is contained in multivitamin C and is also water-soluble. It can prevent vitamin C from being oxidized and damaged, and enhance the effect of vitamins. Can strengthen capillary walls and prevent bruising.500C100

PP20

-CH3-COH-OCH3-CO-NHDNA235400

Uvitamin U

C6H14NO2IS291.2

water-soluble vitamins

,BC BKDA

Vitamin A is closely related to normal keratinization of the skin.[4]A

K1 AK

During the discovery of vitamins, some compounds were mistaken for vitamins, but did not meet the definition of vitamins, and some compounds were deliberately incorrectly named vitamins because of commercial interests:

BB4

FFatty AcidFF

KKKK

QQ10

SSSSalicylic Acid

TTTestosterone

UUMethylmethionine Sulfonium Chloride

VEDSildenafil Citrate//Viagra

Vitamin A: night blindness, corneal dryness, dry skin, desquamation

Vitamin B1: Neuritis, beriberi, loss of appetite, indigestion, growth retardation

B12

principle

In a neutral and slightly acidic environment, VC can reduce the dye 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol to a colorless reduced 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. At the same time, VC is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid.

Oxidized 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol is red in acidic solution, so the titration end point is when the acid solution containing VC is titrated with 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol . The content of VC can be calculated from the amount of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol consumed.

Reagent

1% oxalic acid, 2% oxalic acid, 0.001 mol / L 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol

step

1. Weigh 4.0g of fresh sample-add 5ml 2% oxalic acid to grind-filter into a 50ml volumetric flask-extract the residue with 2% oxalic acid-make up to volume with 1% oxalic acid.

2. Pipette 10 ml of filtrate into a triangle flask and titrate with 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol, and record the volume of the titrant used.

3. Control: Add 35ml 2% oxalic acid to another volumetric flask to make up the volume with 1% oxalic acid. Take 10ml for titration and record the volume.

VC content (ug / 100gFW) = 100 * V1-V2 KV / W V3

In the formula, W: sample weight V1: number of titration solution ml for titration sample V2: number of titration solution ml for titration control V3: number of filtrate ml V: total volume of extract K: 1ml titration solution oxidation VC mg

Extraction is a very important means of chemical separation. Compared with the polymer two-aqueous phase system, the water-soluble organic solvent-salt two-aqueous system has the advantages of simple operation, fast phase separation, low price, low toxicity, clear phase separation, small interference to the measurement, and unfavorable viscosity of the extraction phase. , Difficult to handle polymers and other characteristics. Vitamin B2 (vB2, also known as riboflavin) is clinically used for the prevention and treatment of vitamin island deficiency such as keratitis, cleft lip, glossitis, scrotal inflammation, and corneal vascularization. The measurement methods include spectrophotometry, catalytic kinetics, and phosphorescence Method, voltammetry, chemiluminescence, fluorescence and chromatography. In this paper, the conditions of water-soluble organic solvents ethanol and acetone to form a bi-aqueous phase under the action of inorganic salts and the properties of extracting VB2 were compared. New method. For the determination of VB2 tablets Jingjing and injection.

Vitamin E

EEE

30EE4

50000IU 18500IU

2~6g2~40

Including vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and so on. They can inhibit the production of cancer cells and help synthesize some important enzymes in the body to regulate metabolism in the body. Grains, beans, yeast, dried fruits, animal offal and other foods are more abundant.

Vitamin C

It is also called ascorbic acid, which can reduce the accumulation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in the body and greatly reduce the incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer. Vegetables and fruits contain more vitamin C.

Vitamin E

Eating more foods containing vitamin E can improve the body's immune system and inhibit the formation of carcinogens. Vitamin E is mainly present in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil; eggs, cereals, carrots, fresh lettuce and other foods are also abundant.

Supplementary notes for the elderly

Elderly cells are susceptible to damage and their resistance is relatively low. The main role of vitamin A is to maintain the growth of various epithelial cells. Therefore, appropriate vitamin A supplementation is necessary. In addition to taking part from the diet (such as carrots, milk, eggs, animal livers, dark vegetables, milk), you can also take vitamin A capsules once a day, 1 capsule each time. The content is 25,000 IU and is taken intermittently.

Vitamin deficiency warning sign

If you find yourself or your family having the following conditions or symptoms, you may wish to pay attention to the early manifestations of vitamin deficiency.

Vitamin A deficiency:

Rough skin, itching, deep white lines on nails, dry hair, memory loss, irritability and insomnia, dry eye conjunctiva, and urinary tract stones. Should eat more beef liver, eggs, red and yellow vegetables, fruits and cod liver oil.

Vitamin B1 deficiency:

Allergic to sound, allergic reaction to sound, intermittent soreness in calf, beriberi, neurodermatitis, etc. Eat more beans, cereals, hard fruits, fruits, milk, and leafy greens.

Vitamin B2 deficiency:

Inflammation of the mouth, various skin diseases such as dermatitis, scrotal inflammation, etc., burning sensation in the hands and limbs, and excessive sensitivity to light. Should eat more liver, milk, eggs, beans, green vegetables.

Vitamin B3 deficiency:

Thick tongue coating, puffy lips, tongue pain, lip pain, more scalp, and dry oral mucosa. Eat more yeast.

Vitamin B12:

It is easy to lose balance in action, the body will have intermittent pains in irregular positions, fingers and tingling sensation, should eat animal liver and yeast.

Vitamin C deficiency:

There are no objective reasons such as overwork, drastic changes in the environment, or other organic diseases, but they often feel fatigued, often cold, cough, decreased resistance, bleeding gums often, wounds hard to heal, and deep marks on the tongue. Should eat more mandarin, orange, grapefruit, red dates, jujube and so on.

Taboo

Vitamin A

Avoid alcohol when taking vitamin A. Vitamin A's main function is to convert retinol to retinal, while ethanol can inhibit the production of retinal during the metabolic process, which seriously affects the visual cycle and male spermatogenesis.

Vitamin AD

Avoid porridge when taking vitamin AD. Porridge, also known as rice soup, contains fat oxidase, which can dissolve and destroy fat-soluble vitamins, leading to the loss of vitamin A and vitamin D.

Vitamin B1

Clams and fish contain a thiamine substance that can destroy vitamin B1, so fish and clams should be avoided when taking vitamin B1.

Vitamin B2

High-fiber foods can increase intestinal motility and speed up the passage of intestinal contents, thereby reducing the absorption rate of vitamin B2; high-fat diets will increase the demand for vitamin B2, thereby aggravating the lack of vitamin B2. Therefore, high fat foods and high fiber foods should be avoided when taking vitamin B2.

Vitamin B6

After the boron element in food meets the digestive liquid in the human body, if it is combined with vitamin B6, it will form a complex, which will affect the absorption and utilization of vitamin B6. Therefore, boron-containing foods should be avoided when taking vitamin B6. Generally boron-rich foods include cucumbers, carrots, and eggplants.

Deficiency can cause children to runny nose

Infants and young children have two lines of snotty every day, and sometimes they have a yellowish pus, which is a kind of morbidity in infants and young children, and may suffer from sinusitis and other symptoms. Infants and young children often have runny noses, and parents can choose to supplement their children with vitamin A and vitamin B to relieve their symptoms.

Vitamin C is easily destroyed

Vitamin C is an extremely delicate water-soluble vitamin. Its properties are very unstable, and it can easily be destroyed by oxidation if you don't pay attention. Vitamin C cannot be self-synthesized in the human body and must be supplied by food, so be careful when eating and cooking daily. Vitamin C is afraid of water, heat, light, oxygen, and smoke, so immersion in water, heating, cooking, or placing it in the store and letting the sun shine will greatly destroy vitamin C, and each cigarette will consume the body25 Mg of vitamin C, and eating 100 mg of fried food will also consume 25 mg of Vc. [5]

What Is a Cobalamin Deficiency?

Human vitamin deficiency

IN OTHER LANGUAGES

RELATED ARTICLES

How can we help?