What is a Flexitarian?

Liberalism is an ideology and philosophy, a collection of a series of ideological schools with freedom as the main political value.

[zì yóu zh yì]

Liberalism is an ideology and philosophy, with freedom as the main

The term liberalism is derived from the Spanish "Li-berales" and was first used in the early 19th century

John Locke's politics that emphasized "freedom" as a necessary right for humankind has been repeated throughout history. As mentioned above, the conflict between the Romans and the nobility, and the struggle between the Italian cities and the Holy See. Throughout the 15th century, the republics of Florence and Venice formed the electoral system, regulations, and the pursuit of free enterprise, until the 16th century was dominated by other external forces. The Dutch's resistance to (Spanish) Catholic repression has also often occurred-although they have also refused to grant Catholics freedom.

As an ideology, liberalism can be traced back to the confrontation of humanism against state religion during the Renaissance. And the Whigs in the British Glorious Revolution claim that people have the right to choose a king and can be regarded as a pioneer in advocating people's democratic rights. However, it was not until the Enlightenment that these movements began to be considered truly "liberal", especially the British Whigs, French philosophers, and North American colonies moving towards autonomy. These movements oppose the monarchy, mercantilism, and the orthodox and political forces of various religions. They are also the first to articulate the concept of individual rights in legislation and, equally important, to achieve autonomy through an elected parliamentary system.

Liberalism began to produce a clear definition after the concept of a free individual being able to form the foundation of a stable society. This concept was first proposed in the work of John Locke (1632-1704). In his "Contract of Government" he proposed two basic concepts of freedom: economic freedom, which means the right to own and use property, And freedom of knowledge, including freedom of morality. However, he did not extend his views on freedom of belief to Catholics. Locke fostered the early concept of natural rights, defining it as "life, freedom, and property."

His concept of natural rights became a pioneer of modern concepts of human rights. For Locke, however, he believes that property rights are more important than the right to participate in government and public decision-making: he does not endorse democracy because he fears that giving people power will undermine the supremacy of property rights. In any case, the idea of natural rights provided an ideological basis for the later American Revolution and the French Revolution.

In continental Europe, the principle of restricting monarchy by law was first elaborated by Montesquieu. In his book "On the Spirit of the Law," he argued that "better said that the government most consistent with the state of nature is The people's temperament and personality most closely match, and the government established with the support of the people "is not just the state of government based on the power of domination. Following Montesquieu's ideas, political economists such as Zaire Jean-Baptiste and Destieu de Tracy enthusiastically expounded the "harmonious state" of the market. Feel free to put any word. This also involves heavy agriculturalism and the political economy of Jean Jacob Rousseau.

Following the Enlightenment in France, there were also two figures who had a great influence on the trend of liberalism: Voltaire advocated that France should adopt a constitutional monarchy and abolish the second class, and Rousseau advocated that humans have natural rights. Both claim that society may inhibit a person's natural rights in different forms, but they cannot erase his natural state. Voltaire's ideas are more intellectual, while Rousseau's ideas are related to essential natural rights, perhaps similar to those of Denis Diderot.

Anders Cudenius Rousseau also advocates a concept that has been emerging in the history of liberalism, that is, the social contract between the ruler and the governed. He bases this on his natural state and claims that everyone knows what to do in their favor.

He claimed that everyone was born free, but that education would adequately limit him to the norms of that society, a statement that shook the monarchy of the time. He declared that the people have the will of the people and that the people should be allowed to decide for themselves, which also violated the political tradition of the time. His ideas became an important component of the National Assembly declaration in the French Revolution and also influenced American thinkers such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. His point of view is that the unity of the state is generated by the agreed behavior of people or by the will of the people. Such unified behavior allows the state to exist without being bound by an existing social order, such as aristocratic politics.

The main groups of thinkers who contributed a significant portion of the work to liberalism were those related to the "Scottish Enlightenment", including David Hume and Adam Smith, and German Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant .

David Hume contributed quite a lot of categories and numbers, and most importantly what he claimed in his book Human Nature, that the fundamental conventions of human behavior will prevail over those that try to restrict and regulate them. One example is his contempt for mercantilism and his contempt for the accumulation of gold and silver. He argues that prices are related to the quantity of money, and the accumulation of gold and banknotes can only lead to inflation.

Although Adam Smith was the best-known economic liberal thinker, he was not the first to come up with a similar concept. Earlier French heavyweights have proposed systematic research on political economy and the state in which markets can self-organize. Benjamin Franklin supported the freedom of American industry in his 1750 book.

The free and parliamentary government in Sweden and Finland from 1718 to 1772 gave rise to the Finnish Parliament Member Anders Cudenius, who was one of the first to propose the concept of free trade and unregulated industry. His concept has a particularly long-term impact on the Nordic countries, and has since also had a huge impact on other regions.

Scotsman Adam Smith stated in his doctrine that individuals can build lives that have both economic and moral value without the need for government guidance. And if citizens of a country have the right to act freely, that country will become stronger. He advocated ending the feudal system and mercantilism controlled by the state monopoly and advocating a "laissez-faire" government. In his book, "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759), he developed a theory based on motivation, trying to mediate human self-interest and an unregulated social order.

In the book "The Wealth of Nations", he argued that under some conditions, the market will be able to regulate its own problems naturally and produce a more effective state than the then highly regulated market. The role he assigned to the government was work that could not be escrowed by interest motive, such as protecting individuals from violence and fraud, ending competition, trade and production. His view on taxes is that the government can only levy taxes that will not harm the economy, and "the tax rate that each person pays to the country should depend on the amount of income he earns under the protection of the country. He agreed with David Hume that "capital" is the source of national wealth-not gold.

Immanuel Kant was strongly influenced by David Hume's experimentalism and rationalism. His greatest contribution to liberalism was in the field of ethics. concept.

Kant maintains that the receiving system of reason and morality is lower than the laws of nature, and therefore, attempts to curb the laws of nature will inevitably lead to failure. The influence of his idealism is increasing, and he claims that there are more important truths on the foundation of the cognitive system.