What is Pharmacogenomics?

On June 28, 1997, Kinbert (Paris) Cobert Laboratories announced the establishment of the world's first unique genetic and pharmaceutical company to study the different responses of different diseases caused by genetic mutations to drugs, and based on this Developed a new drug or a new method of drug administration. This new concept is called pharmacogenomics.

On June 28, 1997, Kinbert (Paris) Cobert Laboratories announced the establishment of the world's first unique genetic and pharmaceutical company to study the different responses of different diseases caused by genetic mutations to drugs, and based on this Developed a new drug or a new method of drug administration. This new concept is called pharmacogenomics.

Chinese name

Pharmacogenomics

Foreign name

Pharmacogenomics

Overview

Kingset, June 28, 1997

Foreground

Application prospects of pharmacogenomics

Principles of pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics can be said to be the organic combination of gene function and molecular pharmacology. This combination is necessary in many aspects. Pharmacogenomics is different from genetics in the general sense. It does not take the discovery of human genome genes as the main purpose, but rather uses relatively known genetic theories to improve the treatment of patients. It can also be said that pharmacogenomics aims at drug effect and safety, and studies the relationship between various gene mutations and drug effect and safety.

Because pharmacogenomics is the science of studying gene sequence variation and its different responses to drugs, it is an important way to study efficient and effective drugs. It is used to find suitable drugs for patients or specific populations. Pharmacogenomics emphasizes individualization; Adapting to people, it has important theoretical significance and broad application prospects.

Prospects for pharmacogenomics

Application prospects of pharmacogenomics

Application in new drug development

Pharmacogenomics can classify genes according to different drug effects, which may greatly accelerate the development of new drugs.

Because genomics is large-scale, new, and systematic, it can directly accelerate the discovery of new drugs. In addition, due to the large-scale discovery of a new generation of genetic markers and their rapid application to populations, epidemiological genetics can greatly advance the basic research on the mechanisms of polygenic genetic diseases and common diseases (often polygenic diseases). The results can provide new drug targets for the pharmaceutical industry. The so-called new generation of genetic markers here are single base polymorphisms (SNPs). This single base difference between individuals is about one-thousandth to one-thousandth. Is it currently $ 500 to find a useful SNP? 1,000 US dollars, large-scale typing technology has yet to be perfected. Genes come from parents and remain unchanged for almost a lifetime, but due to genetic defects, some people are naturally susceptible to certain diseases, which means that the presence of some genotypes in the human body will increase the risk of certain diseases. Genes are called disease susceptibility genes.

Pharmacogenomics test

As long as you know which diseases are susceptible to genes in the body, you can infer which diseases people are susceptible to. However, how do we know which susceptibility genes we have? This requires genetic testing.

How does genetic testing work? Use a special sampling rod to scrape off the exfoliated cells from the oral mucosa of the subject. Through advanced equipment, scientific researchers can obtain the subject's DNA samples from these exfoliated cells, and perform DNA sequencing and SNP mononuclear on these samples. The nucleotide polymorphism test will clearly know the genetic sequence of the test subject and other people. After comparing with the gene samples of many types of diseases that have been found, you can find that the test subject s DNA exists. Which diseases are susceptible genes.

Genetic testing is not the same as diagnosis of a medical disease in medicine. The results of genetic testing can tell you how high your risk is for a certain disease, but it does not mean that you already have a certain disease, or that you will definitely have this disease in the future. .

Through genetic testing, people can be provided with personalized health guidance services, personalized medication guidance services and personalized physical examination guidance services. It is possible to carry out accurate prevention in the years and even decades before the onset of the disease, instead of blind health care; people can effectively adjust diet nutrition, change lifestyles, increase the frequency of physical examinations, and receive early diagnosis and treatment. To avoid environmental factors that cause disease.

Not only can genetic testing tell us in advance how high the risk is, but it can also clearly guide us in the proper use of medicines to prevent them from harming us. It will change the situation of disorderly, ineffective and harmful drugs and blind health care in traditional passive medicine.

Globally, 7.5 million people die every year from unreasonable use of medication. Ranked fourth in the number of deaths. About 2.5 million patients are hospitalized in China each year due to adverse drug reactions, and 200,000 die directly. There are about 30,000 children with drug-induced deafness in China each year. Among more than 1 million deaf children, about 50% are drug-induced deafness. Every year, 10,000 people in Shanghai die from taking the wrong medicine.

Genetic testing is benefiting millions of households. Genetic testing: It is a safe "saving" for children, an "investment" for yourself, and a "life insurance" for parents. One test, benefit for life. All in all, in the design, discovery and successful application of new drugs, it is very important to fully understand the effects of genetic variation on drug effects and biological effects. The development of new drugs using the principles of pharmacogenomics and the production of more effective diagnostic and therapeutic drugs have attracted or are attracting the attention of relevant departments and enterprises.

Improve the success rate of new drug development. For every drug, about 10%? Forty percent have no effect, and several percent or more have side effects. Therefore, the development of new drugs with genes related to drug effects as targets, and the pre-clinical pharmacology and clinical trials of drugs based on gene polymorphisms and the diversity of drug effects can be used as a platform for targeted selection based on genetic characteristics Test population, reduce test funding, shorten development time. If pharmaceutical companies use pharmacogenomics theory to anticipate results or screen trial populations, their success rates will be much higher.

Pharmacogenomic role

Re-evaluate new drugs that have failed in the past. For some of the original drugs that proved to be "ineffective" or "large toxic and side effects", pharmacogenomics studies may prove that they have a better effect on certain populations, or that the choice of therapeutic drugs based on genes can improve the effectiveness of the drug and avoid The occurrence of adverse reactions. In this way, all drugs that fail in clinical trials are likely to be "thrown back."

Clinical application of pharmacogenomics

The FDA has revised the drug labeling and warned about the effect of genetic mutations on the drug, and proposed the level of (genetic testing) evidence: clinical utility, FDA or academic research or other professional teams who have performed clinical pharmacogenomics on this drug Evaluation analysis. It mainly includes cardiovascular drugs, infectious disease drugs, antitumor drugs, aromatase inhibitors, etc. ^[1]

For example, the anticoagulant warfarin, the FDA revised its drug instructions in February 2010, because of the gene specificity of the dose, it is recommended that genetic testing of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 be performed before the prescription is given.

Clinical decisions to guide drug use through the use of genotypes have not been widely practiced. There are many reasons for the slow development of clinical use of drug genomes. Obviously, the biggest problem is the need to set clinical procedures to support the value of genotypes. There is no consensus on the standard or nature of the data, and clinical use procedures need to be established. This could be achieved through the development of instant tools embedded in electronic medical record systems. In order to obtain clinical information, doctors and other health managers know the biomedical field through this tool. The main way is to teach clinical genomics to all health management organizations.