What Are the Different Uses of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Schools?

Cognitive therapy was created in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. It is based on the theoretical assumptions of people's cognitive processes that affect their emotions and behaviors, and uses cognitive and behavioral technologies to change the poor cognition of the seeker. In order to correct and adapt to the psychological treatment of bad behavior.

Cognitive therapy was created in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. It is based on the theoretical assumptions of people's cognitive processes that affect their emotions and behaviors, and uses cognitive and behavioral technologies to change the poor cognition of the seeker. In order to correct and adapt to the psychological treatment of bad behavior.

Chinese name

Cognitive therapy

Foreign name

CognitiveTherapy

Applied discipline

psychology

Time

1960s to 1970s

Place

United States

Cognitive Therapy Concept

Cognitive therapy (Cognitive Therapy) is a general term for a class of psychological treatment methods that use cognitive and behavioral techniques to change the patient's poor cognition based on the theoretical assumptions that affect cognitive processes and affect emotions and behaviors.

The basic view of cognitive therapy is that cognitive processes and the misconceptions they cause are mediators of behavior and emotion, and maladaptive behavior and emotion are related to maladaptive cognition. Cognitive therapy often uses techniques such as cognitive reconstruction, psychological coping, and problem solving for psychological counseling and treatment, of which cognitive reconstruction is the most critical.

History of Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy is a new theory and technology developed in the field of American psychotherapy in the 1960s and 1970s.

This idea of changing people's cognition originated from the "dialectics" of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. It is up to you to express your own point of view, to make further reasoning based on this point of view, and finally to lead to contradictions and errors, so that you can recognize where the previous thought is unreasonable and change it yourself.

In the 20th century, another philosopher L. Wittgnehstein proposed the philosophy of linguistic analysis in order to change the ambiguity and confusion of concepts in the field of philosophy at that time. In fact, this is a more rigorous way to reveal and correct misconceptions.

Since the independence of psychology from the philosophical category, the theory of psychology has also developed rapidly. It has experienced periods when psychoanalysis and behaviorist psychology dominated. By the 1960s and 1970s, humanistic psychology And the rise of cognitive psychology is the third force after psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

Cognitive therapy as a system of psychological counseling theory and technology is developed in this context. Therefore, it is closely related in theory with humanistic psychology and cognitive psychology.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a group of short-term psychological treatment methods that change bad cognition by changing thinking and behaviors to eliminate bad emotions and behaviors.

Among them are Albert Ellis's reasonable emotional behavioral therapy, Allen Baker and Remy's cognitive therapy, and Meckenbaum's cognitive behavioral therapy.

Basic principles of cognitive therapy

Cognitive therapy

Because of differences in culture, knowledge level, and surrounding environment, people often have different understandings and perceptions of problems. The so-called cognition generally refers to cognitive activities or cognitive processes, including beliefs and belief systems, thinking and imagination. Specifically, "cognition" refers to a person's perception and opinion of an event or an object, his or her own opinion, his or her thoughts, the recognition of the environment, and his opinions on things. For example: in the same hospital, children may regard it as a "terrible place" based on their own knowledge and experience, and accidentally get an injection; most people will think of it as a place to "help the dead" and help them "Easing pain"; some older people may view the hospital as "the door to the grave." Therefore, the key is not what the "hospital" is objectively, but that different people's perceptions or perceptions of different cognitions will breed different emotions and affect people's behavioral responses. Therefore, "cognitive therapy" emphasizes that a person's non-adaptive or non-functional psychology and behavior are often subject to incorrect cognition rather than maladaptive behavior. As A.T.Beck, the main representative of cognitive therapy, said: "The maladaptive behaviors and emotions are derived from the maladaptive cognition. Therefore, behavioral correction therapy is not as good as cognitive therapy." For example, a People always "think" that they are not doing well enough, and even their parents don't like him. Therefore, they have no confidence in what they do, they have low self-esteem, and they are in a bad mood. The strategy of cognitive therapy is to help him rebuild his cognitive structure, re-evaluate himself, rebuild his confidence in himself, and change his perception of "bad". Cognitive theory believes that human emotions come from people's beliefs, evaluations, explanations, or philosophical opinions about the things they encounter, not from the things themselves. Emotions and behaviors are subject to cognition. Cognition is the determinant of a person's psychological activity. Cognitive therapy is to correct a person's maladaptive emotions or behaviors by changing the person's cognitive process and the concepts generated by this process. The goal of treatment is not only to target external appearances such as behavior and emotion, but also to analyze the patient's thinking activities and coping strategies to cope with reality, and to find the wrong cognition and correct it.

Cognitive therapy

Cognitive therapy mainly focuses on the non-functional cognitive problems of patients, and attempts to change the psychological problems presented by changing the patient's views and attitudes about the self, the person, or the things. "Cognition" refers to a person's perception and opinion of an event or object, his or her own opinion, his or her thoughts on the environment, his or her knowledge of the environment, and his opinions on things. As A.T.Beck, the main representative of cognitive therapy, said, "The maladaptive behaviors and emotions originate from maladaptive cognition. Therefore, the strategy of cognitive therapy is to reconstruct the cognitive structure ,

Cognitive therapy often uses techniques such as cognitive reconstruction, psychological coping, and problem solving for psychological counseling and treatment, of which cognitive reconstruction is the most critical. Ellis believes that the interpretation and evaluation, cognition and belief of an individual who experienced an event are the roots of their emotions and behaviors, and unreasonable cognition and beliefs cause adverse emotional and behavioral responses Only by channeling and talking to change and reconstruct irrational cognitions and beliefs can the therapeutic purpose be achieved. Baker also pointed out that the root of psychological difficulties and obstacles comes from abnormal or distorted ways of thinking. By discovering and digging these ways of thinking, analyzing, criticizing, and replacing them with reasonable and realistic ways of thinking, it can relieve the suffering of patients. To better adapt to the environment.

Meychenbaum believes that human behavior and emotions are controlled by self-directed language, and self-directed language has been internalized in childhood, although it is unconscious in adulthood, but still controls human behavior and behavior. mood. If self-instruction language is wrong in the formation process, it will lead to emotional disorders and maladaptive behaviors. Therefore, treatment includes learning new self-commands, using imagination techniques to solve problems, and so on.

Differences in cognitive therapy

Cognitive therapy is different from traditional behavioral therapy because it not only pays attention to the correction of maladaptive sexual behavior, but also pays more attention to changing the patient's cognitive style and the harmony of cognitive-emotional-behavior. At the same time, cognitive therapy is also different from traditional introspective therapy or psychoanalysis, because it focuses on the influence of the patient's cognition on his mind and body, that is, on the events in the conscious rather than the unconscious. Introspective therapy emphasizes the impact of past experience, especially childhood experience, on the problem, and the unconscious while ignoring conscious events. From another perspective, cognitive therapy was developed to address the shortcomings of psychoanalytic therapy. Because in psychoanalytic treatment, it often focuses on the subconscious and emotional crux of psychology and behavior, and this subconscious desire or emotion is often only the speculative analysis of the practitioner, and it is not easy to explain to the patient, and it is not easy to be accepted by the patient. It is more difficult to operate as the focus of treatment. The treatment focuses on cognition. It does not need to care about the unconscious and invisible subconscious, as long as it corrects these concepts, ideas, and beliefs that can be described by language, and handles non-functional "cognition". It's both obvious and specific, making it easy for patients to understand and collaborate.

Cognitive Therapy Reality Evaluation

As we all know, in the state of drug action, fatigue, reduced consciousness or excessive alertness, people can have perceptual distortions, which affects the evaluation of reality, such as "all soldiers and soldiers". Under the influence of abnormal cognitive methods, errors in reality testing can also occur. For example, stubborn patients think that everyone's words, deeds, and smiles are related to themselves. Depressed patients always feel that everything is inferior to others, like a walking dead. Patients with suspected diseases consider any discomfort of the body as a symbol of serious illness.

Normal people can distinguish between subjective and objective, hypothesis and reality; before accepting hypotheses, they know to test hypotheses first. If the two are confused, for example, anxiety patients treat any wind and grass as a red flag. Although some patients have been tested, they only accept evidence that is consistent with their own views and reject the opposite evidence, so that the patient's cognitive evaluation cannot accurately reflect the reality. To help patients solve this problem, they must first fully understand the limitations of their own cognition. Therapist can directly or indirectly apply the principles of epistemology to patients to explain the following problems: Perception of reality is different from Reality itself can at most be close to reality, because the function of sensory organs is limited and cannot completely reflect reality, especially in pathological situations; The interpretation of perception depends on cognitive processes, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction , Generalization, and conceptual, judgment, and inferential thinking processes are prone to errors, and any physical or psychological problem can affect the cognitive process.

Cognitive therapy trial validation

The basic view of cognitive therapy is that cognitive processes are mediators of behaviors and emotions; maladaptive behaviors and emotions are related to maladaptive cognition. The task of the doctor is to work with the patient to find out these maladaptive cognitions and provide "learning" or training methods to correct these cognitions, so that the patient's cognition is closer to reality and reality. With the correction of the bad cognition, the patient's Mental disorders have gradually improved.

Some research data show that cognition may occupy a very important position in the process of the occurrence of bad behavior. Some people have proposed that as long as cognitive correction can be used to achieve therapeutic purposes. Rush et al. Used cognitive therapy and imipramine to treat 41 outpatients with unipolar depression. The efficacy was compared in two groups. It was found that after 12 weeks of treatment, the patients in both groups had significant remission. The improvement in reports and clinical scale scores was more pronounced. In addition, patients in the cognitive therapy group had more cooperative attitudes towards treatment than the drug group (78.9% and 22.7%, respectively). With 6-12 months of prevention, the effect is stable.

In the past 10 years, cognitive therapy has risen and has developed rapidly. Ardener, Iris, Godfret, Baker, and Mai Shengbao have made important contributions to the development of cognitive therapy. There are different categories of cognitive therapy, emphasizing different priorities and using different technologies, but there are many common principles. The basic theory is that behavior and emotion are mediated by cognition, and maladaptive sexual behavior and emotion are related to maladaptive cognition. The task of the doctor is to recognize these cognitions and provide appropriate methods or learning techniques to correct these maladaptive cognitions. Correction of maladaptive cognition will lead to improvement in mental disorders. Although cognitive therapy also uses behavioral technology, the goal of cognitive therapy is to change cognitive processes, not certain behaviors. Cognitive therapy is still under development. About 10 reports have shown that Baker's cognitive therapy has a significant effect on depression, which is equivalent to or slightly higher than tricyclic antidepressants. Rush et al. Reported that 83% of patients with moderate and severe depression who completely discharged after 12 weeks of cognitive therapy were discharged. Xiao achieved similar results. There is no satisfactory classification of cognitive therapy, which mainly includes Ehrlich's rational emotional therapy, Godflet's systematic rational reconstruction method, Baker's cognitive therapy (CT), and Mai Shengbao's self-directed training and stress vaccination training .

Cognitive therapy treatment process

Cognitive therapy builds motivation for help

In the process, we must recognize the cognitive-emotional-behavioral types of maladaptiveness. Patients and therapists agree on the interpretation of their problems; explain the poor performance and estimate the expected results of correction. For example, patients can be allowed to self-monitor thinking, emotions, and behaviors, and therapists can provide guidance, instructions, and cognitive demonstrations.

Cognitive Therapy Adapts to Cognitive Correction

In the process, patients need to develop new cognitions and behaviors to replace poorly adapted cognitions and behaviors. For example, the therapist instructs patients to make extensive use of new cognitions and behaviors.

Cognitive therapy deals with everyday problems

Cultivate the competition of ideas and use the new cognition to counter the original cognition. In the process, patients are required to practice applying new cognitive models to social contexts, replacing original cognitive models. For example, patients can be practiced by using imagination to deal with problems or simulate certain situations or under certain conditions to allow patients to train with actual experience.

Cognitive therapy changes self-cognition

In the process, as a result of new cognition and training, patients are required to re-evaluate self-efficacy and the role of the self in dealing with cognition and context. For example, during practice, let the patient self-monitor behavior and cognition.

Cognitive Therapy Specific Therapy

Cognitive therapy recognizes automatic thinking

Because the mental mode of thinking that causes mental disorders occurs automatically, it has formed a part of the thinking habits of the visitor, and most visitors cannot realize that these thoughts will exist before the adverse emotional reaction. Therefore, in the treatment process, the consultant must first help the visitor learn to discover and identify these automated thought processes. Counselors can use questions, self-presentations, or imitations to find out which thoughts are causing the adverse emotional response.

Cognitive therapy identifies cognitive errors

The so-called cognitive errors are the mistakes that visitors often make in terms of concepts and abstractions. These errors are more difficult to identify than automated thoughts, so consultants should listen to and record visitors' automatic thinking, and then help visitors summarize their general patterns.

Cognitive therapy authenticity test

Authenticity testing is the automatic thinking and misconceptions of future visitors as a hypothesis. Encourage him to test hypotheses in a strictly designed behavior pattern or situation to make him realize that the original concepts are not realistic and conscious Correction is at the core of cognitive therapy.

Decentralization of cognitive therapy

Decentralization is to make visitors realize that they are not the center of attention. Many visitors always feel that they are the center of others' attention, and their words and actions are evaluated by others. For this reason, he often feels weak and vulnerable. If the visitor thinks that a slight change in his behavior will attract the attention and criticism of people around him, then the consultant can make him not interact with people as before, that is, change his behavior slightly, and then ask him to record others The number of adverse reactions, as a result, he found that few people paid attention to the changes in his words and deeds, and he naturally realized the unreasonable elements in his previous ideas.

Cognitive therapy anxiety level monitoring

Most visitors believe that their depression or anxiety will continue unabated, but in fact, these emotions often have a process of beginning, peaking and fading, rather than lasting forever. Let the counseled visitors experience this kind of emotional fluctuations, and believe that through self-monitoring, they can grasp the fluctuations of bad emotions, thereby enhancing their determination to change.

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy Emotional Behavior Therapy

Overview

The theory is a psychotherapeutic system founded by American clinical psychologist Albert Ellis in the 1960s. He believes that people have their own inherent nature, that people have a positive orientation in their innate tendencies, and also have a negative nature. In other words, people have an inherent tendency toward growth and self-realization, but also have an irrational attitude toward life that is not conducive to survival and development, and Ellis emphasizes the latter tendency, which he believes is this irrationality Attitude towards life, leading to psychological disorders.

classification

Ellis summarizes the common irrational beliefs of humans into the following categories:

Tend to have abnormal thinking (such as forced thinking).

Tendency is too susceptible to hints.

tends to overgeneralize to partial.

Tend to require perfection, thinking that it is either perfect or useless.

tends to demand too much of others.

(6) Tend to pursue absoluteness and affirmation, and cannot tolerate uncertainty.

tends to exaggerate the harmfulness of negative events.

I tend to give up on myself.

Tends to belittle themselves.

tends to pay too much attention to changes in his body.

Explanation

Ellis believes that human emotions come from people's beliefs, evaluations, explanations, or philosophical opinions about the things they encounter, not from the things themselves. Emotions and behaviors are subject to cognition. Cognition is the "bull nose" of human psychological activity. Correcting the "bull nose" of cognition will greatly improve the emotional and behavioral problems.

Ellis summed up the above views as ABC theory, A stands for Activating events, B stands for Beliefs, which means people's belief, cognition, evaluation or opinion on A, and C stands for Consequences ), Ellis believes that it is not the inducing event A that directly causes symptoms C. There is also a mediating factor between A and C. This mediating factor is a person's belief, cognition, evaluation or opinion on A, that is, belief B. Ellis believes that people rarely experience A purely and objectively, and always experience A with or based on a large number of existing beliefs, expectations, values, wishes, desires, motivations, preferences, etc. Therefore, the experience of A is always subjective and varies from person to person. The same A will cause different C in different people, mainly because their beliefs are different, that is, B is different. In other words, the stimulating situation of the event itself is not the direct cause of the emotional response. The individual's cognitive interpretation and evaluation of the stimulating situation is the direct cause of the emotional response.

In the ABC theory, D means that treatment affects B through D, and cognitive biases are corrected. Emotional and behavioral disturbances will be largely relieved or alleviated. Finally, E effects will be achieved, and negative emotions will be corrected. .

Cognitive Therapy

Alan Baker and Remy's Cognitive Therapy

Outline Principles

The theoretical basis of cognitive therapy is the cognitive theory of emotional disorders proposed by Aaron Baker. He believes that psychological problems "are not necessarily caused by mysterious and irresistible forces. On the contrary, they can arise from ordinary events, such as wrong learning, making wrong inferences based on one-sided or incorrect information, As well as the inability to properly distinguish the difference between reality and ideal, etc. "He proposed that each person's emotions and behaviors are largely determined by his own way or method of knowing the world, that is, A person's thoughts determine his inner experience and reaction.

The starting point of cognitive theory is to confirm that thoughts and beliefs are the cause of emotional state and behavioral performance. Baker argues that patients with depression tend to condemn themselves because they make mistakes in logical judgments and become distorted, distorting the meaning of things; a thing that is usually small (such as spilling a drink) will be seen by him Life is a manifestation of total despair. Therefore, patients with depression always make illogical inferences about themselves and explain all events with self-derogation and self-blame.

Cognitive therapy is a general term for a class of psychological treatment methods that use cognitive and behavioral techniques to change a patient's poor cognition based on the theoretical assumption that cognitive processes affect emotion and behavior. The so-called cognition generally refers to cognitive activities or cognitive processes, including beliefs and belief systems, thinking and imagination. The cognitive process generally consists of three parts: (1) the process of receiving and evaluating information; (2) the process of generating methods to cope with and deal with problems; (3) the process of predicting and estimating results.

Cognitive therapy attaches great importance to the study of patients 'poor cognition and thinking mode, and regards self-defeating behavior as the result of patients' poor cognition. The so-called bad cognition refers to distorted and unreasonable; negative beliefs or thoughts often lead to emotional disorders and non-adaptive behaviors. The purpose of treatment is to correct these unreasonable cognitions, so that the patient's emotions and behaviors will be changed accordingly. Cognitive therapy pays more attention to changing the patient's cognitive style and the harmony of cognitive-emotional-behavior. It also attaches importance to events in the conscious rather than the subconscious; introspective therapy attaches importance to the impact of past experiences, especially childhood experiences, on the problem of the eye, to the subconscious and to ignore the events in the conscious.

The theory and scope of cognitive therapy are constantly being supplemented and expanded, resulting in dynamic cognitive therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. The former is advocated and developed by Weiner . He believes that the development of cognitive processes (that is, the way of perception, memory, reasoning, evaluation, problem solving, and learning) cannot be separated from individual growth and interpersonal communication. It is self-esteem and identity, venting and controlling impulses, and contact with others. Children with trauma and poor education often have partial or comprehensive cognitive deficits. Dynamic cognitive therapy consists in replacing defective cognitive structures with appropriate cognitive structures. The latter was systematically elaborated and developed by Marnay and Arnkov based on the work of their predecessors. The basic assumption is that maladaptive sexual behaviors are caused by the interaction of psychological, biological and environmental factors, and are treated. The method lies in the comprehensive application of cognitive technology and behavioral technology to correct bad behavior.

Cognitive distortion

Arbitrary inference

That is, to make a hasty conclusion when the evidence is lacking or inadequate, such as "I am useless because the store is closed when I go to buy."

Selective generalization of cognitive therapy

Drawing conclusions on the whole incident based on individual details and without considering other circumstances is a blind, elaborate, cognitive approach. For example, "There are many unskilled people working in the unit. This is my fault as a leader."

Cognitive therapy overextension

Or over-generalization refers to making general conclusions about capabilities, operations, or values on the basis of a single event, that is, conclusions derived from a trivial event. Such as "I'm a stupid person because I don't understand the problem." Or "I'm not a good mother because I broke a bowl."

Cognitive therapy exaggerates or shrinks

Distorted evaluations of the meaning of objective events, such as "Because of accidental jokes, I lied maliciously once, so I thought that my sincerity was completely lost."

Cognitive therapy extreme thinking

That is, either all right or all wrong. Patients often see life as a black and white monochromatic world without intermediate colors. If I hadn't been hired as a TV announcer, it would have produced: "I'm very frustrated, because I won't be hired anywhere else; I don't even have the ability to organize the room now, and I become a useless person."

It is generally believed that the content of depression in patients with depression is characterized by a sense of loss, loss of confidence in the future, loss of interest in work, and loss of physiological functions (such as sexual function, appetite, weight, etc.). Tendency "is their cognitive feature," They often see themselves as deprived, failed, or defective; the world around them is full of thorns and difficulties, and there is almost no joy of success; their future There is no hope of self-satisfaction, only pain and frustration. "These concepts are called the triad of cognitive depression. Patients often have distortions in the size, content, and nature of their cognitive scope, and their views are often stubborn and negative. Many experimental studies have confirmed and supported some of the main theories of cognitive theory. For example, it has been confirmed that there are differences between emotionally depressed and non-depressed patients in the following aspects: expectations of the future, the content of dreams, the interpretation of imaginary situations, Cognitive function questionnaire score (such as autonomous thinking questionnaire ATQ). Cognitive guidance technology has also been shown to have a psychological corrective effect on depression and negative thinking.

Baker's cognitive model of pathological psychology has been widely used in theoretical analysis of anxiety disorders, horror disorders, paranoia, drug abuse, sexual dysfunction, and anorexia nervosa, all of which are based on Baker's theoretical assumptions: Misinterpretations and errors in the process of information formation lead to the occurrence of emotional disorders.

Theories of Cognitive Therapy

Marnay and Arnkov (1978) theory

It summarizes three basic views commonly used by cognitive learning theorists, which are of great significance for learning cognitive therapy:

(1) The types of people's adaptive or maladaptive sexual behaviors and emotions are generated through cognitive processes;

(2) These cognitive processes can be activated by certain "schemas" (Beck calls illogical inferences schemas);

(3) The main role of the therapist is both the diagnostician and the educator. That is, to assess the cognitive process of maladaptiveness, arrange certain learning and training tasks, and correct the types of cognition, behavior, and emotion.

Cognitive therapy indications

Cognitive therapy depression

Generally speaking, if the main problem of the seeker is related to non-functional cognition, it is formed based on abnormal cognition, such as prejudice against people, inferiority towards oneself, wrong or negative attitude towards things, etc. Etc., are suitable for treatment using cognitive therapy. In the clinic, cognitive therapy is suitable for various neuroses, but it is mainly used to treat depression, especially adult patients with unipolar depression (endogenous depression). It can also be used as a treatment method for patients with anorexia nervosa, sexual dysfunction, and alcoholism. It is also suitable for treating patients with anxiety disorders, social horror, migraine, tension and anxiety before the test, emotional anger and chronic pain.

Cognitive therapy can be used to treat many diseases and mental disorders. The main one is to treat patients with emotional depression, especially for adult patients with unipolar depression. It is an effective short-term treatment. According to a study by the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, cognitive therapy is mainly applicable to the treatment of patients with unipolar depression. Depression generally undergoes 12 weeks of cognitive therapy. 80% of patients have significantly improved, and the effect is better than that of imipramine. The control group was followed up for one year and the effect was stable. In addition, research groups at the University of Edinburgh, Columbia University, and University of Pittsburgh have separately reported that cognitive therapy can achieve the same efficacy as antidepressants. Among them, Blackburn (1981) at the University of Edinburgh reported that primary depression Patients were randomly divided into a drug treatment group, a cognitive treatment group, and a drug-cognitive treatment combined treatment group. After 20 weeks of active treatment, it was found that the outpatients with combined treatment were better than the other two groups. But for patients with psychotic depression, cognitive therapy may be less effective.

Cognitive therapy other indications

Cognitive therapy can also be used as a treatment for patients with anorexia nervosa , sexual dysfunction, and alcoholism . For example, patients with alcoholism often suffer from a certain degree of cognitive deficits, especially in the first few weeks when they first quit drinking, and they often show difficulty remembering and solving problems. Therefore, several separate interviews should be repeated at the beginning of treatment, and patients should be asked to take notes on the interviews and record the daily home cognition and behavioral homework completion. Speech input, behavior manipulation, imagination technology, and audio-visual education and other channels to input information to patients are also very helpful for the treatment of patients with alcoholism. Of course, not all patients are effective in the application of these technologies. Some patients often do not cooperate or even interrupt treatment when they start treatment. In this regard, doctors may think that these patients are "not motivated to seek treatment" or "not ready to treat." In essence, it may be that the treatment method is not completely suitable for these patients. Therefore, in the treatment of these patients, the treating physician should understand and recognize the cognitive errors of the patients, and carry out appropriate martyrdom and correction so that the patients cooperate. The treating physician quits drinking.

In the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa, in addition to drug therapy, diet therapy and home therapy, attention should also be paid to these patients' cognitive distortions, because these patients often have cognitive abnormalities in their appearance and face, so Their misperceptions must be corrected. For example, it can be done through reasonable cognitive dialogue and self-monitoring: "Weighted people eat too little", "Weighted people eat differently than normal-weight people," "Weightless people do not As fit and strong as a normal weight person. " Patients are required to complete a certain amount of calorie food intake, and to self-monitor weight, mood and automatic thinking, and gradually change the bad cognition. Patients with anorexia nervosa are often inactive, it is very important to pay attention to handling the doctor-patient relationship and gain the trust of patients.

The treatment of patients with sexual dysfunction, especially those with reduced libido, can be supplemented with cognitive corrections in addition to behavioral therapy. The strategy of cognitive therapy is to change those unreasonable beliefs that suppress the sexual desire of patients, and to create the necessary conditions for the subsequent use of sexy concentration technology. For example, some patients believe that "sexuality is evil, and such people are bad people." In the treatment, patients should be enlightened, explained, and provided with the necessary sexual knowledge. Encourage patients to use the following statement: "Even if I'm interested in sex, it doesn't mean I'm a bad person." The therapist can also ask questions to allow patients to identify and evaluate their maladaptive thinking, such as: " If you become very sexy, what will happen? "Then guide and warn the patients that most of people's behavior is under their own control, they often can take responsibility for what they did at that time, Rarely do things that violate reason and law. This corrects irrational cognition, reduces patient anxiety and fear, and creates conditions for further behavioral therapy.

In addition, cognitive therapy is also suitable for treating anxiety disorders, social horrors, migraines, tension and anxiety before exams, emotional anger, and chronic pain patients. For heroin addicted patients, cognitive therapy can be used as an adjuvant therapy to strengthen the therapeutic effect. Some reports suggest that the combination of cognitive therapy and drug therapy can treat delusions in some patients with schizophrenia.