What Is Swallowing?

Swallowing generally refers to the appearance of eating violently and urgently, directly into the stomach through the esophagus without chewing. Such as the idiom "gobble." Long-term trips will have certain effects on body function.

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Swallowing generally refers to eating violently and urgently, without adding

I. Definition

The action or whole process of the bolus formed by chewing food from the mouth to the stomach. Swallowing is not a random activity, but a kind of reflex, which must be caused by specific stimuli. Swallowing during normal eating is due to the rolling of the tongue pushing the bolus into the pharynx, the pharynx and the mouth,

From the beginning of swallowing until the food reaches the cardia, the complex process described above takes only a few seconds. This indicates that when a link on the swallowing reflex arc of normal humans is damaged, dysphagia often occurs. Some patients with dysphagia may lose their lives because the swallowed food often enters the trachea and causes lung infections, so-called aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, in the beginning of the onset of uncoordinated swallowing activities, coughing often occurs when swallowing, you should pay attention and check and treat as soon as possible.

I. Etiological Classification (I) Mouth, throat and throat diseases

1. Stomatitis and internal injuries. 2. Pharyngeal and laryngeal diseases: abscesses around the tonsils; abscesses of the posterior pharyngeal wall; pharyngeal and laryngeal tuberculosis;

(Two) esophageal diseases

1. Esophagitis: non-specific esophagitis; digestive esophagitis, digestive esophageal rupture soup. 2. Esophageal cancer. 3. Benign tumor of the esophagus. 4, "benign" esophageal stricture. 5. Esophageal diverticulitis. 6. Esophageal tuberculosis. 7. Barrett's esophagus. 8. Esophageal hiatal hernia. 9, foreign body in the esophagus. 10. Subesophageal abscess of esophagus. 11. Congenital diseases of esophagus: webbed esophagus; congenital atresia of esophagus; congenital esophageal stenosis; congenital short tube; congenital esophageal dilatation.

12, esophageal compression: mediastinal disease; cardiovascular disease; goiter.

(3) Nerve, muscle disease or dysfunction

1. Nervous and muscular organic diseases Central nervous system and cerebral nervous diseases; muscle diseases; connective tissue diseases; systemic infection and poisoning.

2. Nerve and muscle dysfunction cardia spasm; iron deficiency dysphagia ; diffuse esophageal spasm; mental cardia achalasia

Second, the pathogenesis

Normal swallowing movements include the oropharynx, the upper esophageal sphincter, the esophagus itself, and the lower esophageal sphincter. There are difficulties in swallowing in any of these stages. 1. Oropharyngeal phase In the initial phase of swallowing, food passes through the oropharyngeal area. Normally, it takes about one second and involves the free movement of oropharyngeal muscles. When the oropharynx has inflammation or trauma, the patient may be afraid to swallow due to pain. When the facial muscles (sacral nerves). The paralysis of the lingual arch (phrenic nerve) and the pharyngeal contractile muscles (, X brain nerves) both affected the swallowing action. The posterior group of cranial nerves (, XX, brain nerves) damage caused dysphagia in the paramyelopathy.

2. In the esophageal sphincter phase, each time swallowing begins, the esophageal sphincter relaxes, and then esophageal peristalsis occurs, and the esophagus passes smoothly. When the vagus nerve and swallowing nerve that dominate the part can cause the esophageal sphincter to malfunction, symptoms of dysphagia appear.

3. The cause of difficulty in swallowing the esophagus itself at the stage of the esophagus is mainly mechanical obstruction or occlusion in the esophagus cavity, such as esophageal cancer, benign stenosis of the esophagus, etc .; external compression of the esophagus wall, such as intrathoracic goiter, aortic aneurysm Etc .; weakened esophageal creep, esophageal motility weakened, disappeared or abnormal, such as diffuse esophageal spasm, dermatomyositis, scleroderma and so on. Can cause swallowing difficulties.

4. Inferior esophageal sphincter causes dysphagia due to insufficiency of esophageal sphincter, which is more common in cardiac spasm. It is also found in mechanical obstruction of lower esophagus, such as lower esophageal cancer, cardiac cancer, and benign stenosis of esophagus.