What are polymorphisms of individual nucleotides?
Polymorphisms of individual nucleotides (SNP) are individuals of individuals individuals. There are four nucleotides in the DNA: guanine (g), adenin (a), thymin (t) and cytosine (C), all of which can combine in different ways to create genetic plans for protein production, gene expression regulation and other activities. In people with one nucleotide polymorphisms, one of them is replaced. The rest of the DNA chain should be the same as in a chain, such as CCATCGCCTT, which might seem so in most individuals, but transform into CtatcgCCTT in some people and replace the second cytosine thyminem. Scientists estimate that there are about 10 million in the human genome, with only polymorphisms that appear in at least 1% of the human population, which is a statistically significant. Most of them appear in the so -called non -coding DNA because they do not directly scroll proteins. This does not mean that one nucleotide polymorphisms do not have an impact on individual genome because they may affect the expression of anotherDNA if they are in the wrong place.
When one nucleotide polymorphisms appear in DNA coding, they can be classified as synonymous or replacement. Synonymous polymorphism with one nucleotide does not change the protein produced by this DNA chain as a guide, while alternative polymorphisms change the nature of the proteins. They may have a significant impact on the genome expression, as protein could be important. For example, a single nucleotide polymorphism may be associated with problems with the factors of clotting used in the blood, in this case the patient's blood may properly clot after injury.
One use for these distinctive variations is in the genetic fingerprint, where the laboratory uses a genetic sample to determine whether two people are relatives or whether someone was present at the place of crime. One nucleotide polymorphism can be a very unique identifier that allows the laboratory to confirm vianost of conformity or disagreement. For example, technicians comparing the blood found at the crime scene with a suspicious sample could categorically exclude the suspect, as the suspect could miss the SNP found in the blood on the scene.
Further use is in medical research. While one nucleotide polymorphism does not necessarily have to cause a disease, it may increase the risk that the patient will develop and may change the way the patient reacts to drugs. Pharmaceutical societies could theoretically adapt treatment to patients based on these genetic variations. Patients could also undergo testing to emphasize the risks of the disease caused by a single core of polymorphisms that can help them decide on prevention and screening to capture the disease soon.