What is a substitution reaction?
substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one component of organic compound, carbon and other elements is replaced or replaced by a functional group from the other reaction agent. Functional groups, reactive subset of organic compounds, replace hydrogen or other functional groups of less activity. The substitution reaction can add functionality or reactivity to alkany, direct string hydrocarbons and other compounds. Covalent ties between carbon atoms share the farthest electrons to create a stable configuration. Organic chemists replace functional groups at the required points in the carbon spine to create new molecules for use as final products or precursors to formulate other useful compounds.Onine, produces halogenated hydrocarbons, also called alkylhogenides. Alkylhogenides can continue to be modified to make up more substituated compounds. Common examples include chlorofluorocarbones (CFCS) that were previously used as cooling tecutins. If the adding group is a hydroxyl group (—Oh -) from reactions in basic solutions or water, alcohols or haloal alcohol are formed.
carbon-haal binding is stronger than the covalent bond of carbon-carbon binding. Halogenide pulls a few electrons towards each other and leaves the center carbon slightly positive. Substitution in this scenario is called nucleophilic substitution, such as nucleophil, a loving core, negatively charged hydroxide group or other halogenide atoms close to alkylhogenide from the opposite side from the first halogenide atom. A negative charge on the upcoming group avoids the negative cartridges an existing group of halogenides.
The carbon usually combines with four other atoms in Tetrahedron, a triangular shape of the pyramid. If it is replaced by two different groups. The approach of the other nucleophil from one direction causes the products to have the same three -dimensional configuration. SecondNucleophil causes Tetrahedron to appear inside out when it connects to a central carbon, just as an umbrella turns in in the wind. This is the SN2 substitution reaction: replacing with nucleophil in a bimolecular reaction.
In the SN1 substitution reaction, halogenide takes over for a short while to check over the electron pair. The highly positively charged central carbon atom is now trying to separate their bonds as much as possible and creates a flat triangular shape instead of tetrahedron. The second nucleophil can approach carbon from both sides and create a racemical mixture of products, the same concentration and left types of compound.
SN1 and SN2 reactions compete with each other; The SN2 reactions are more common. The power of nucleophil, the strength of the group that is moved, and the ability of the solvent to support charged species are some of the factors that determine the reaction mechanism. The result will affect reaction conditions, especially temperature.