What Is the Contingency Approach?

Emergency plans refer to emergency management, command, rescue plans, etc. in the face of emergencies such as natural disasters, major and severe accidents, environmental hazards, and man-made damage. It should generally be based on comprehensive disaster prevention planning. Its several major subsystems are: a complete emergency organization management and command system; a powerful emergency engineering rescue support system; a comprehensive support system that is coordinated and responsive; a sufficient disaster preparedness supply system; an emergency response team that embodies integrated rescue, .

emergency plan

Emergency

The emergency plan should form a system to formulate special emergency plans and plans for all types of accidents at all levels and all dangerous sources.

There are four types of emergency plans:

Emergency action guide or checklist

Develop specific emergency actions for identified hazards. The guideline briefly describes the basic procedures that emergency operations must follow, such as who reports what happened, what information is reported, and what emergency measures are taken. This emergency plan mainly serves as a reminder. Relevant personnel must be trained, and sometimes this plan is used as a supplement to other types of emergency plans.

Emergency response plan

Prepare emergency response plans for possible accidents at each site and facility. The emergency response plan should include all possible dangerous situations and clarify the responsibilities of the personnel in emergency situations. This type of plan only describes the necessary actions to deal with emergency matters, and does not include ex ante requirements (such as training, drills, etc.) and ex post measures.

Mutual assistance emergency plan

Neighboring companies are in emergency response

The emergency plan should form a complete document system. Usually complete enterprise-level emergency plans

The preparation of an emergency plan can generally be divided into 5 steps, namely, the establishment of an emergency plan preparation team, the analysis of danger and emergency capabilities, the preparation of the plan, and the preparation of the emergency plan.

1) Emergency

The United States is one of the countries that used emergency plans earlier. Prior to the 1950s, emergency relief was seen as a moral responsibility of the victims 'neighbors, religious groups and residents' communities, not the responsibility of the government. In 1967, the United States began to use the "911" alarm rescue phone number. In the 1960s and 1970s, local governments, businesses, and communities in the United States began to prepare emergency plans in large numbers. However, about 20% of local governments had no formal emergency plans by 1982. In 1992, the United States issued the Federal Response Plan. In September 2002, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which included FEMA, was established. In 2004, the United States issued a more comprehensive National Response Plan.

After 1949, China began to go through the stage of a single emergency plan, and it was not until 2001 that it entered the stage of preparing and using a comprehensive emergency plan.

In China's coal mines, chemical plants and other high-risk industries, there will generally be corresponding "accident emergency rescue plans" and "disaster prevention and treatment plans"; public security, fire protection, first aid and other departments responsible for daily emergency response, have been formulated Emergency response plans for various daily emergencies; in the late 1980s, the National Seismological Bureau carried out the compilation of earthquake emergency plans in key danger areas. In 1991, it completed the compilation of the Domestic Destructive Earthquake Emergency Response Plan. In 1996, The State Council promulgated and implemented "

The rapid development of urbanization has led to rapid population and economic concentration in cities. Because cities are regional political, economic, cultural, and scientific centers, they have the characteristics of population concentration, industry concentration, wealth concentration, buildings and structures concentration, and various disaster concentrations. Once an accident occurs, it will cause huge economic losses and personnel. casualties. Under such circumstances, the threats to the lives of the people and the socio-economics of the public from the emergence of public security incidents have become increasingly prominent. Currently in China, emergency management has also become a national concern. At present, natural disasters, accidents, public health, and social security including emergency public events cause abnormal deaths of more than 200,000 people, disability of more than 2 million people, and economic losses of more than 600 billion yuan. The public safety situation severe.

Crisis management process theory believes that crisis management can be decomposed into the following two levels and two stages: pre-crisis countermeasures-prevention of disaster reduction and preparation in advance; post-crisis countermeasures-rapid response and return to normal. Based on this, the public crisis emergency management can be divided into four stages: early warning stage, preparation stage, emergency handling stage, and assessment recovery stage from the context of time. We also designed the overall framework functions of the system based on this process.

System functions

Hazard Sources and Risk Analysis:

The content of risk analysis includes the status of enterprises, commerce, transportation, population distribution in the area, and the status of major sources of danger and places in the area. In our system, the comprehensive description has all of these

The necessity of 3D simulation training system

How to strengthen the emergency drill mechanism for major accidents in our country, replace the performance-based drills with open drills, accumulate experience in emergency drills, and find out the weaknesses in the emergency system is a problem that needs to be urgently addressed in the current emergency system construction. The emergency simulation exercise system simulates the occurrence and development of disasters in the virtual space and the various reactions that people may make in the disaster environment through the simulation of various types of disasters and human behavior numerical simulation; and on the exercise platform To carry out emergency drills under the conditions of maximizing the actual disaster. On this basis, formulate digital emergency plans for various enterprises and institutions. The emergency simulation drill system can be used to train decision-making and command personnel at all levels and accident handling personnel, find out problems existing in the emergency handling process, check and evaluate the operability and practicability of emergency plans, and improve emergency capabilities. The system can enable enterprises and institutions to use modern means, strengthen coordination and emergency response capabilities, and make emergency drills scientific, intelligent, and virtualized.

Introduction of 3D simulation training system

3D simulation is a system integration of mature computer technology.

In the event of an emergency, the emergency plan can only be launched when the actual disaster situation meets the starting conditions given in the plan.

The state s overall emergency response plan for activation is: After a public emergency occurs, the provincial people s government at the site of the incident or the relevant department of the State Council shall, while reporting information on a particularly significant or major public emergency, be informed by its responsibilities and The prescribed authority initiates relevant emergency plans to deal with the situation in a timely and effective manner, and to control the situation. "This rule is relatively principled, and some specific plans may be very detailed. For example, "When the rainfall in a 24-hour period exceeds 45 millimeters, the emergency plan for urban drainage is activated", or "When the rainfall exceeds 20 millimeters per hour, the emergency plan for urban road drainage is activated."

Based on the understanding and analysis of the previous plans' starting conditions, it can be found that although the physical conditions for starting the plans have not been met, the incident has already caused very serious destructive consequences. It was possible to start the plan, but it was very urgent. Therefore, different starting conditions should be set in the plan, including quantitative conditions and consequences that are difficult to quantify. If one of the starting conditions is met, the emergency plan can be started.

The plan should also be terminated in due course. Termination conditions are generally pre-defined in the plan, usually the current disaster development situation has been contained, or it has been restricted to a certain range. At this time, general response measures are sufficient to complete the control of the incident, and It is expected that the incident will be eliminated in a relatively short period of time and a comprehensive recovery phase will be entered. After the emergency response to a major public emergency or the related risk factors have been eliminated, the on-site emergency command agency should also be revoked ^[1]

Hidden safety hazards refer to violations of production safety laws, regulations, rules, standards, regulations, production safety management systems, or other factors that may lead to unsafe events or accidents in production and operation activities: Security behaviors, unsafe conditions of things, and management flaws. It is classified into general safety hazards and major safety hazards in nature.