What Is Nicotinamide?

Nicotinamide (niacinamide), also known as nicotinamide, is an amide compound of nicotinic acid. ^[1] is a white crystalline powder; odorless or almost odorless, bitter; slightly hygroscopic. Soluble in water or ethanol, soluble in glycerol. It is mainly used in the prevention and treatment of pellagra, stomatitis, glossitis, sick sinus node syndrome, and atrioventricular block.

1. -methylpyridine is oxidized into niacin by air, which is reacted with ammonium hydroxide and then heated and dehydrated.

2. Put nicotinic acid, boric acid and ammonia water into the reaction pot, stir in ammonia gas, heat up and dissolve; then recover the ammonia by distillation, move to the dehydration pot to continue concentration after 120 ~ C, and start adding liquid ammonia when the temperature reaches 145 ° C. And continue to react with ammonia for 20-30 hours at 185-190 ° C. Then reduce the temperature to 130 ° C, dilute with distilled water, add activated carbon, and pass ammonia decolorization at 70 ~ 80 ~ C for 2h; after the reaction, filter while hot, filter the filtrate in water for 24h, separate the crystals, wash with ethanol and dry to obtain the finished product. Yield: 89%.

3. Derived from niacin and ammonia water after dehydration. ^[3]

1. Biochemical research; nutritional components of tissue culture medium; clinical drugs are vitamin B family, used for the prevention and treatment of pellagra, stomatitis, glossitis and other diseases

Treatment.

2. It is an essential nutrient for mammals. Water solubility is better than niacin, but it is easy to form complex with vitamin C and agglomerate. The dosage is 30 mg / kg.

3. Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid can be used universally in most cases. Niacin also produces nicotinamide in animals. In the absence of nicotinamide in the body, you can get pellagra, so this product can prevent pellagra. It plays a role in the metabolism of proteins and sugars and can improve human and animal nutrition. Can be used as a nutritional additive in cosmetics. It is also used in medicine, food and feed additives. ^[3]

1. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat sources. Keep container tightly closed.

2. It should be stored separately from oxidants and must not be mixed. Equipped with the appropriate variety and quantity of fire equipment. The storage area should be equipped with spill emergency treatment equipment and suitable containment materials. ^[3]

Nicotinamide is a component of coenzyme I and coenzyme II, and becomes a coenzyme of many dehydrogenases. Deficiency can affect the normal breathing and metabolism of cells and cause pellagra. Nicotinamide is easily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, and after absorption, it is distributed to systemic tissues. It is metabolized by the liver and only a small amount is excreted from the urine in its original form. ^[5]

The gastrointestinal tract is easily absorbed and distributed to systemic tissues after absorption. The half-life (t1 / 2) is about 45 minutes. Metabolized by the liver, only a small amount of the therapeutic amount is excreted from the urine in its original form. ^[6]

1. Mainly used for the prevention and treatment of pellagra, stomatitis, glossitis, etc.

2. For the treatment of coronary heart disease, viral myocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and a few digitalis poisoning and other accompanying arrhythmias (mostly applied after other drugs are ineffective). ^[5]

People who are allergic to this product. ^[6]

1. Prevention and treatment of pellagra, stomatitis and glossitis: Oral: 50-200 mg once, 3 times a day. If the oral malabsorption is not good, you can add a glucose solution intravenously, 25mg each time, twice a day. At the same time take other vitamin B family and vitamin C.

2. Prevention and treatment of cardiac conduction block: 300 ~ 400mg once, once a day, adding 250ml of 10% glucose solution by intravenous drip, 30 days as a course of treatment. ^[5]

1. After administration, skin flushing and itching may occur. Occasionally, high blood sugar, high uric acid, and arrhythmia may occur.

2. Individuals have dizziness, nausea, epigastric discomfort, and loss of appetite. ^[6]

   1. Intramuscular injection can cause pain, so it is rarely used.

   2. Individual can cause dizziness, nausea, epigastric discomfort, loss of food habits, etc., can disappear on its own.

   3. Overdose in early pregnancy may cause teratogenicity.

   4. Both isoniazid and amine hydrochloride have antagonistic effects, and long-term use of isoniazid should be supplemented with amine hydrochloride.

   5. A small number of patients died of pupil shrinkage, drooling, excessive sweating, increased blood pressure, weakened breathing, convulsions and paralysis.

   6. Large doses can activate peptic ulcer, impair glucose tolerance, liver damage and hyperuricemia. But it can be restored after stopping the medicine. ^[5]

   1. Nicotinamide has no vasodilator effect, and nicotinamide can be used in patients with hypertension.

   2. It has an antagonistic effect with isoniazid. When taking isoniazid for a long time, nicotinamide should be added appropriately. ^[8]

      Tablets: 50mg, 100mg each. Injection: 50mg (1ml), 100mg (1ml) each. ^[5]

      It is mainly used for the prevention and treatment of pellagra, stomatitis, glossitis, and it has a good effect when used appropriately. This product can also treat cardiac block and improve sinus node function and antitachycardia effect. ^[8]

      Nicotinamide is a derivative of vitamin B3, and it is also a recognized skin anti-aging ingredient in the field of cosmetic dermatology. In recent years, people have paid more and more attention to it. Its most important effect in anti-aging of the skin is to reduce and prevent the skin in the early stage. The complexion produced during the aging process is dull, yellow, and dishy. Of course, nicotinamide's contribution to the skin is much more than that. It can also repair the damaged cuticle lipid barrier and improve skin resistance. There are also some effects that may be overlooked, which is the deep water-holding effect of nicotinamide. Therefore, skin care products containing nicotinamide have strong water-holding and moisturizing effects. When the concentration of nicotinamide was 0.25 and 1.25 mg / ml, the movement rate of melanosomes in melanocytes increased significantly (P <0.05), and the density of melanosomes in cells decreased with the increase of nicotinamide concentration. Conclusion Nicotinamide participates in the process of melanin transport and can accelerate the movement rate of melanosomes in melanocytes, showing that nicotinamide can regulate the calcium pump, the expression of cytokinin Dynein and the movement of melanosomes. Important regulatory factors. ^[9]

      As you get older, your skin becomes dull, and topical nicotinamide can improve this dullness. Randomized studies show that the use of nicotinamide stock solution twice a day has significantly improved the skin texture and significantly reduced fine lines and wrinkles since the 8th week; the skin became more elastic, the pigmentation and erythema were significantly reduced, the dullness was significantly reduced, and the skin appeared significantly reduced at the 12th week Glossy.

      The content of NADH and NADPH in aging skin is gradually attenuated, and both control the whole process of intracellular synthesis and decomposition. Nicotinamide, as a precursor of NADH and NADPH, can play a role by regulating the balance of the two levels in the body. High levels of NADPH exert powerful antioxidant effects, preventing spontaneous glycosylation of proteins and sugars. The glycosylated protein produced by the glycosylation reaction deposits yellowish brown in the dermis. The glycated product of dermal collagen in 80-year-old skin is five times that of 20-year-old skin. Glycated protein plays an important role in the appearance of aging yellow skin. Nicotinamide increases NADPH to exert anti-glycosylation effect, thereby reducing yellowing of aging skin, reducing facial color and improving skin texture.

      Enlarged pores are one of the skin texture issues. Topical nicotinamide can reduce the production of fatty acids and triglycerides in sebum, thereby narrowing pores and reducing the severity of acne.

      Ceramide is an important component of the skin barrier. Acute dermatitis, aged skin, and dry skin in winter have significantly reduced ceramide levels in the stratum corneum. Nicotinamide enhances the skin barrier function by increasing the ceramide content in the stratum corneum and reduces percutaneous water loss.