What Is the Acquired Needs Theory?

Abraham Maslow is a well-known American social psychologist and the founder of the third generation of psychology. He put forward a humanistic psychology that combines psychoanalytic psychology and behaviorist psychology, and integrates his aesthetic ideas. His main achievements include humanistic psychology, Maslow's theory of hierarchy of needs, and representative works include "Motivation and Personality", "Exploration of Existential Psychology", "The Realm of Human Performance" and so on.

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Chinese name: Maslow
Foreign name: Abraham H. Maslow
Country of Citizenship: United States
People: Jewish
place of birth: Brooklyn, New York
date of birth: April 1, 1908
Date of death: June 8, 1970

Occupation: psychologist
graduated school: University of wisconsin
Letter: Humanism
Major achievements: Put forward the theory of humanistic psychology
representative work: "Motivation and Personality", "Exploration of Existence Psychology", "The Realm of Human Performance"

Biography of Maslow

Maslow was born in a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York City, and died of a heart attack in Menlo Park, California. His parents were Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union. He was the eldest of seven children in the family. His father was a heavy drinker. He had very strict demands on the children. The mother was extremely superstitious and had a cold and cruel personality. Go home and be killed alive in person. Maslow had a painful childhood and had never been cared for by his mother. When his mother died, he refused to attend the funeral. He experienced much loneliness and pain as a child. Not only that, as Jews, they live in a non-Jewish neighbourhood, and after school they are one of the few Jews in the school. All this makes Maslow a shy, sensitive, and neurotic child. In order to seek comfort, He regarded books as a sanctuary. Later, when he recalled his childhood, he said, "I am very lonely and unfortunate. I grew up in a library book and had few friends." After school, Maslow was very talented, and his academic performance was very high. Excellent, and its condition has since changed. ^[1]

Maslow has been a book fan since he was five years old. He often went to the block library to browse books. When he was studying American history in the lower grades, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln became his heroes. Decades later, when he began to develop the theory of self-actualization, these people became the basic paradigm of the self-actualizers he studied. As a teenager, he had extremely low self-esteem because of his frail appearance and ugly nose (too big a nose), and he sought compensation by exercising. After entering the university, I read the concept of inferiority and transcendence in A. Adler's works, and was inspired to change his life ever since. Maslow's early experiences not only affected Maslow as a child, but also made Maslow even afraid of speaking in public. So much so that he experienced extreme anxiety before every speech.

His parents were uneducated, but they insisted that he study the law. At first he fulfilled their wishes and entered the City College of New York to specialize in law in 1926. But in just two weeks, he concluded that his interest was not in law, and felt that he was not suitable as a lawyer, and he chose a wide range of other favorite subjects. After three semesters, he transferred to Cornell University. The teacher of his introduction to psychology was W. Fonte's student, the founder of the constructivist school, E. Tichener, but he soon became tired of the elementary analysis of constructivist psychology and the tediousness of Tichener. Soon he returned to the City College of New York. In 1928, Maslow married his cousin and high school classmate Bertha Goodman despite their parents' opposition. They had two daughters. Maslow claims that his real life began when he was married and transferred to the University of Wisconsin, when Maslow was 20 and Besa was 19. After the marriage, Maslow and Bessa moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison to continue his studies, which was also an important turning point for him to truly enter his field of academic research. At this time, Maslow discovered and was ecstatic about behaviorism, and soon he studied animal learning behavior with C. Hull, one of the representatives of behaviorism at that time. However, as he increasingly studied Gestalt psychology and S. Freud psychology, Maslow's enthusiasm for behaviorism gradually diminished. When the young Maslows had their own family, Maslow made another important discovery. He wrote: "Our first baby changed my career in psychology. He made me foolishly behaviorist, and I couldn't stand this theory anymore. It doesn't hold. Yes. " ^[2]

Maslow Maslow received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Wisconsin in 1930, a master's degree in psychology the following year, and a PhD in psychology in 1934. At the University of Wisconsin, he enrolled a leading researcher in American primate research, H. Harlow's research internship, which is well-known for studying rhesus monkeys and attachment behaviors, and became Harlow's research assistant. A doctoral student. During this period, another famous Gestalt psychologist, M. Wittheimer, was also a teacher of Maslow. At this point, he gradually became interested in apes and confidently found his own research field. In the study of the ape's dominance and sexuality, Maslow broke into an almost completely unknown territory. From February 1932 to May 1933, Maslow spent several hours a day quietly observing 35 different species of primates without disturbing the animals and making detailed notes. And completed a doctoral dissertation entitled "The Determinant Role of Dominant Drive in the Social Behavior of Apes Primates", which is used to prove that not only in apes but also in the social behavior and organization of other mammals and birds, Is a key determinant. He noticed that domination seemed to stem from an "inner self-confidence" or "a sense of superiority", not a physical attack. In a sense, he is conceiving a preliminary theory based on a dominating drive to explain many social behaviors in advanced animals. Because of his excellent dissertation, he impressed behaviorist psychologist E. Thorndike, who offered Maslow a postdoctoral scholarship at Columbia University and invited Maslow to School of Educational Research assists in researching new topics. In 1935, Maslow worked as an assistant in the study of psychology at Thorndike at Columbia University. This shows that although Maslow opposed behaviorism, he was educated in behaviorism. It wasn't until 1937 when he was an associate professor of psychology at Brooklyn College in New York City that he abandoned his ideology in favor of humanism.

The reasons for the change in Maslow's psychology during Brooklyn College were: after his first child was born, he observed the wonderful phenomenon of infant behavior, which made him realize that behaviorist psychologists tried to infer and explain the results of animal studies. Human behavior is simply unrealistic. Therefore, he once said to people: "I dare say that anyone who has raised a child in person will never believe in behaviorism!" Maslow s teaching in Brooklyn was during the German Nazi persecution of academic thought, and many famous European psychology Astronomers took refuge in the United States, and he became aware of Gestalt psychologists Wertheimer, W. Kohler and Kaufka, and psychoanalytic psychologists K. Honey, Adler, and E. Fromm, and others . These people's thoughts have influenced his humanistic psychology.

Maslow resume

Abraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908

A Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York City. Famous American philosopher, social psychologist, personality theorist and comparative psychologist, the main initiator and theorist of humanistic psychology, the leader of the third force of psychology. He joined Cornell University in 1926 and transferred to the University of Wisconsin to study psychology three years later. He received his Ph.D. in 1934 under the guidance of the famous psychologist Harlow. After that, he stayed in school to teach. In 1935, he worked as an assistant in study psychology at Thorndale at Columbia University. In 1937 he was an associate professor at Brooklyn College in New York. In 1951 he was hired as professor and head of psychology at Brandeis University. In 1967, he was President of the American Personality and Social Psychology Society and President of the American Psychological Society. He left Brandeis University in 1969 and became the first permanent judge of the Lawrence Charity Foundation of California. He died of heart failure on June 8, 1970. In August 1970, the International Humanistic Psychology Association was established, and the first International Humanistic Psychology Conference was held in the Dutch capital Amsterdam. In 1971, the American Psychological Association approved the establishment of a professional committee on humanistic psychology. These two events marked the formal recognition of humanistic psychology by the United States and the international psychological community. Unfortunately, Maslow himself failed to see for himself ^[3] what he had done for this matter for years.

Maslow's main works

The Theory of Human Motivation (1943)

Motivation and Personality (1954)

Exploration of Existence Psychology (1962)

Scientific Psychology (1967)

The Realm of Human Performance 1970

Maslow psychology foundation

Maslow's humanistic psychology provides a psychological basis for his aesthetic theory. The core of his psychological theory is that through "self-realization", people can meet the needs of multiple levels, reach the "peak experience", rediscover the value of people who are excluded by technology, and achieve perfect personality. He believes that people as an organic whole have multiple motivations and needs, including physiological needs, security needs, love and belonging needs, and respect & esteem needs. And self-actualization needs. Maslow believes that when people's low-level needs are met, they will instead seek to achieve higher-level needs. The need for self-realization is transcendent, the pursuit of truth, kindness, and beauty will ultimately lead to the formation of a perfect personality. The peak experience represents this best state of human beings.

Creating beauty and appreciating beauty is an important goal of self-realization. Aesthetic needs originate from people's internal impulses. Therefore, aesthetic activities have become a necessary way to meet the needs of self-realization. The imagery, indirect utilitarianism, timeliness, and the blending of subject and object of aesthetic activities make it extremely important for the creation of perfect personality; at the same time, the close relationship between aesthetics and perfection makes beauty beautiful and authentic. And informative nature. In this way, through aesthetic activities, a perfect personality including truth, kindness, and beauty is formed, and aesthetic activities become a basic way of life for people.

Peak experience is the highest state of aesthetic activity and the typical state of perfect personality. Peak experience can be obtained through the search for perceptual impressions other than aesthetic activities. As long as it is an activity that can obtain colorful perceptual impressions, it may bring peak experiences, such as the experience of love, the mysterious experience, the experience of creation, and so on. In the peak experience, the subject and the object are united. There is neither me nor others or other things. The experience of the object is transformed into the whole world. At the same time, the meaning and value are returned to the aesthetic subject. The subject s emotion is perfect and ecstatic. The subject is here. Shi is the most confident, the most able to grasp himself, to control the world, and to give full play to all his intelligence.

Maslow believes that human nature is neutral and good, and advocates the achievability of perfect humanity, which is an optimistic aesthetics. However, he left the social practice to talk about aesthetic experience and aesthetic activities, which is suspected of being abstract and one-sided. .

Maslow Social Evaluation

The famous philosopher Nietzsche has a warning motto-Be yourself! In his long life, Maslow not only devoted his whole life to this, but also proved this idea with his unique personality charm, and successfully established a groundbreaking image. The New York Times commented: "Maslow psychology is a milestone in human understanding of itself." Others commented on him like this: "It is precisely because of Maslow's existence that being a talent is seen as a promising good thing. In this turbulent world, he sees light and future, and he sees it all Let's share it together. "Indeed, Freud provided us with half the psychological pathology, and Maslow complemented the healthy half.

Maslow theory

Maslow believes that there are seven different levels of needs hidden in people, and the urgency of these needs in different periods is different. The most urgent need of people is the main reason and motivation to motivate people to act. Human needs are gradually transformed from satisfaction from the outside to satisfaction from the inside. Maslow put forward different perspectives in the two stages of life, so we can only see five levels of Maslow's needs in some books: physical needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, respect needs The need for self-actualization. Specifically, in order of importance and hierarchy, the seven different levels of needs mainly refer to:

Maslow physiological needs

Physiological needs are the most primitive and basic needs of people, such as food, clothing, housing, medical care and so on. If not satisfied, there is danger to life. That is to say, it is the strongest inevitable bottom-level need, and it is also a powerful driving force for people's actions. When a person is controlled by physical needs, all other needs are relegated to secondary status.

Maslow security requirements

The need for safety requires labor safety, occupational safety, stable life, hope for freedom from disaster, and hope for future security. The need for safety is higher than the need for physiology. When the need is met, this need is guaranteed. Everyone who lives in reality will have a desire for security, a desire for freedom, and a desire for defense strength.

Maslow Social Needs

The need for socializing, also called the need for belonging and love, refers to the individual's desire for the care and understanding of family, group, friends, and colleagues. It is the need for friendship, trust, warmth, and love. Social needs are more subtle and elusive than physical and safety needs. It has something to do with personal character, experience, living area, nationality, living habits, religious beliefs, etc. This need is difficult to perceive and cannot be measured.

Maslow respects needs

The need for respect can be divided into three categories: self-esteem, self-esteem, and power, including self-respect, self-evaluation, and respect for others. The need for respect is rarely fully met, but basic satisfaction can be a driving force.

Maslow's cognitive needs

Also known as the need for cognition and understanding, it refers to the individual's need to explore, understand, and solve difficult problems about himself and the world around him. Maslow sees it as a tool to overcome obstacles. When cognitive needs are frustrated, other needs can be met.

Maslow aesthetic needs

"Everybody loves beauty." Everyone has the pursuit and appreciation of the beautiful things around him.

Maslow self-actualization

The need for self-actualization is the highest level of need, a need for creativity. People who need self-realization often try their best to make themselves perfect, realize their ideals and goals, and gain a sense of accomplishment. Maslow believes that in the process of self-realization of creation, a so-called "peak experience" emotion is generated. At this time, people are in the highest, most perfect, and most harmonious state. Feeling drunk.

Maslow believes that the seven levels should be realized in order, from the lower level to the higher level. Only high-level needs can be met first. So to a certain extent, it is too mechanized. But we must also affirm the integrity of Maslow's theory, as well as his contribution and inspiration to management and education.

Maslow conclusion

Maslow needs both

Maslow believes that there are two different types of needs in the human value system. One is the instinct or impulse that gradually weakens along the rising direction of the biological lineage. One is the potential or need that gradually emerges as the organism evolves, called advanced needs.

People all have these five different levels of needs, but the urgency of various needs expressed in different periods is different.

Before high-level needs fully emerge, low-level needs must be adequately met.

Maslow Peak Experience

Maslow also believes that in the creative process of self-realization, a so-called "peak experience" emotion is generated. At this time, people are in the most exciting time, and they are the highest, most perfect, most Harmonious state, at this time people have a feeling of ecstatic, drunk, ecstatic.

Maslow psychology

Maslow's "A Theory of Human Motivation Psychological Review", published in 1943, proposed hierarchy of needs. The composition of this theory is based on 2 basic assumptions:

To survive, his needs can influence his behavior. Only unmet needs can influence behavior. Satisfied needs cannot serve as incentives. Human needs are ranked in order of importance and hierarchy, from basic (such as food and housing) to complex (such as self-actualization). When a person's needs at a certain level are met to a minimum, the needs of a higher level will be pursued, and thus rising step by step, becoming an inherent motivation to promote continued efforts. The original "posthumanistic psychology" is "Transpersonal Psychology". Or translate "transpersonal psychology", "transcendent psychology".

Illustration of Maslow's theory Maslow wrote in the preface of the 1968 edition of "Exploration of Existential Psychology": "I think that the humanistic, third-force psychology is transitional, and it is a higher fourth psychology. The stage of preparation for the development of science. The fourth kind of psychology is beyond the individual and beyond the human. It goes beyond the concepts of human nature, self-identity, and self-realization. It is centered on the universe, not on human needs and interests. . "(Maslow," Exploration of Existential Psychology ", translated by Li Wentian, p. 6, Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1988)

"We need something 'greater than ours' as our object of awe and devotion." (Maslow: Exploration of Existential Psychology, Translated by Li Wentian, p. 6, Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1988)

Maslow did not further point out the specific relationship between the third and fourth psychology, nor did it point out what the "things greater than us" are. But Maslow's psychological thought is extremely open. He made humanistic psychology a kind of psychology with ultimate concern, a bridge to transcendence psychology. This bridge is also a bridge to faith in God in a broad sense.

Maslow also explicitly put forward the concept of "Metaneeds" in his later years. In some places, he did not distinguish this concept from the need for self-actualization, but he wrote in an article one year before his death:

"What is necessary for humanity is that when our material needs are met, we will follow the need for belonging (including group belonging, friendship, brotherhood, brotherhood), the need for love and affection, and the achievement of dignity and self-esteem. The need, until self-realization, and the need to form and express our unique personality rise up the ladder. And then it is 'transcendence need' (that is, 'existence need') "(Maslow: Insight into the Future, No. 258 pages, Translated by Xu Jinsheng, Reform Press, 1998) This article was not published by Maslow during his lifetime, but was later edited by the American psychologist Edward Huffman and included in the book Insights into the Future.

Should we think that Maslow modified his hierarchy of needs in his later years? Regarding transcendence needs, Maslow seems to have not considered maturity. He did not explicitly propose to add another level to the need for self-realization, but he was increasingly studying the different levels of self-realization.

Maslow published the paper "Z-theory-two different types of self-actualizers" in 1969. This article proposed the difference between two different types of self-actualizers. This article was later published after his death. "The Realm That Human Nature Can Achieve". In this article, he summarizes twenty-four differences between two different self-actualizers. The most important of these is that a self-actualizer often has transcendental experiences (ie peak experiences), and a self-actualizer has no or rarely transcendental experiences. The former is "transcendental self-actualizer" and the latter is "healthy self-actualizer". The difference between the two is mainly that the former has more peak experiences, while the latter does not. (See Maslow: "Self-Realized Man," p. 56, translated by Xu Jinsheng and others, Sanlian Bookstore, 1986)

Here we can already see the crux of the problem. Maslow pointed out that self-actualizers with transcendental experience have more potential than self-actualizers without transcendental experience. Higher, but Maslow does not suggest that there is a higher need for self-actualization. Since transcendence is already included in the need for self-actualization, do we still need to do it?

In fact, it is about the transcendence pursuit of man. Many thinkers have discussed the pursuit of transcendence. For example, Rudolf Eucken (1846--1926) argues that the confusion and uneasiness about the meaning of life is a testament to the inner impulse to seek meaning deep in our nature. Since all possible external life cannot satisfy us, it must be because our life has a depth that cannot be reached from the immediate environment. (Oiken: "The Meaning and Value of Life", Wan Yiyi, Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1997)

He believes that there is an inner spiritual life in us, and this life is the manifestation of cosmic life in the human body. Therefore, it is both internal, "our true self," "the most intrinsic nature of our life," and transcendence, "a universal supernatural life."

What exactly is this "our true self" and "the most intrinsic nature of our life" that Rudolf Oiken refers to? In fact, what he said can be better expressed in Maslow's language, which is "transcendence needs". Maslow believes that this transcendence needs, like other basic needs, has a " quasi-instinct" nature.

"Class instinct" is a very key concept of Maslow's theory of needs. The so-called "quasi-instinct" refers to the basic needs of human beings, which are similar to instincts and different from instincts. The word "Instinctoid" (instinct-like) was coined by Maslow himself and consists of "Instinct" followed by the suffix "oid". "oid" means "similar", "similar", "slightly weak", etc. Maslow believes that basic needs are instinct-like. They have an innate genetic basis, but their satisfaction and performance depend on the acquired environment. The higher the required level, the weaker the connection with the innate genetics, and the greater the dependence on the acquired environment.

Whether from the perspective of evolution or religion, the concept of "quasi-instinct" has a lot of room for thinking.

From an evolutionary point of view, and further deduced from Maslow's "quasi-instinct" concept, we seem to be able to elicit the notion that human nature is constantly evolving and that the level of human needs is increasing. We can think of human transcendence as the product of human evolution. If it is expressed in theological language, the reason why our needs are "quasi-instinct" rather than "instinct" is that God has given us freedom of will, and the satisfaction of self-actualization needs is the basis for mankind to approach God. Only at the level of self-realization can there be a true state of religious belief.

Judging from the unity of biological occurrence and social occurrence of behavior, we can completely think that in the self-actualized people, due to the further expansion of their transcendence, they have further developed some new needs, but we need to use "Transcendence needs" to represent these new needs? Does this meet the requirement that the theory should be concise? ^[1]

I think that a lot of further research and thinking must be done on this issue.

Maslow personality traits

Maslow's personality traits based on the personality of successful people in his mind:

Maslow perspective

(1) Comprehensive and accurate perception of reality. Self-actualists' perception of the world is objective, comprehensive, and accurate, because when they perceive the world, they will not be mixed with their subjective wishes and prejudices, or with self-defense , But to reflect the original appearance of the objective world. In contrast, mentally unhealthy people perceive the world in their own subjective ways, and they try to match the world with their subjective wishes, anxiety, and worry.

(2) Accept nature, yourself and others . Self-actualizers can accept the deficiencies and deficiencies of nature, themselves, and others without worrying about them. Of course, they will treat the deficiencies and deficiencies that can be modified or adjusted with a positive attitude, and the unchangeable deficiencies and deficiencies, they can let it go, and they will not feel uncomfortable with themselves and with others.

(3) Spontaneous, frank and true to people . In interpersonal communication, self-actualizers have a tendency to reveal their true feelings, they will not pretend or pretend, and their actions are frank and natural. In general, they all have enough self-confidence and security, which makes them realistic enough to express themselves.

(4) Focus on problems, not self . Self-actualizers love what they do, dedicate themselves to a cause or mission, and can go all out. Compared with ordinary people, they work harder and more focused. For them, work is not really hard work, because happiness lies in work.

(5) The need for transcendence and solitude . Self-actualizers guide their lives with their own values and feelings. They do not rely on others for safety and satisfaction. They only rely on themselves. They generally like being alone. This is not for fear of others, nor for intentionally evading reality, but for better reflection and more comprehensive comparison under the condition of reducing interference, in order to find a more reasonable solution to the problem. They are calm and serene, stay calm and live through or survive disasters and misfortunes.

(6) It has autonomy and can maintain relative independence in the environment and culture . The motivation of self-actualizers mainly comes from their own internal development and the need for self-actualization (ie B-driven), not from the lack of a material or spiritual need for external supplementation (D-driven). Depends more on oneself than the external environment, can resist the pressure of external environment and culture, exerts the ability of thinking independently, self-direction and self-management.

(7) With the appreciation that will never decline . Self-actualizers can maintain a strange and enduring appreciation of the surrounding reality, and fully experience all the good things in nature and life. They are not accustomed to the recurrence of things and lose their sensitivity. On the contrary, they are as fresh and beautiful to every newborn, every sunrise or dusk as when they first saw them.

(8) Have an indescribable peak experience . Peak experience is a strong, enchanting ecstatic or awesome emotional experience. When it arrives, people will feel infinitely beautiful, with great power, confidence and determination, and even ordinary daily activities can be promoted to overwhelming and wonderful activities. Maslow believes that everyone has the potential to enjoy the peak experience, but only self-actualizers are more likely and more likely to get it.

(9) Be loving to others . Self-actualizers are concerned not only with their friends and relatives, but with all humanity. They regard helping the poor and suffering as their duty of duty, and have a strong consciousness of sharing hardships and sufferings with all people, and do everything possible to think of others. In the eyes of self-actualizers, the happiness of others is their own happiness, and they have liberated themselves from the cages that meet their narrow needs.

(10) Have deep friendship . Self-actualizers focus on friendship with friends. Although the number of friends they make is small; the circle of peers is relatively small, but the friendship is deep and full. As far as their understanding of love is concerned, they believe that love should be completely selfless, at least it should be as important as giving love and getting love. They can care about the growth and development of their loved ones as much as they care about themselves.

(11) With a spirit of democracy . Self-actualizers are modest, respect the rights and personality of others, and are good at listening to different opinions. For them, social class, education process, religion, race or color are not important. What matters is whether they have the truth. Self-actualizers are rarely prejudiced and willing to learn from everyone who is worth learning.

(12) Distinguishing means and ends . The actions of self-actualizers almost always show the limits of means and ends. In general, they emphasize purpose, and means must be subordinate to purpose. Self-actualizers often regard ordinary people as a means to an end, and take the activity experience as the end itself, so they can experience the fun of the event itself more than ordinary people.

(L3) Be creative . This is one of the common characteristics of all the objects studied by Maslow, and each of them shows uniqueness and creativity in a certain aspect. Although some of them are not necessarily writers, artists, or inventors, they have similar abilities to children's naive imagination, and are characterized by originality, invention and pursuit of innovation.

(14) Be humorous and funny . Self-actualizers are good at observing the absurd and uncoordinated phenomena in the human world, and they can appropriately display them in a witty and funny way. But they never use this ability to the deficient. They always sympathize with the unfortunate.

(15) Oppose blind compliance . Self-actualizers are very disgusted with the opinions and behaviors of casual responses and others. They believe that people must have their own opinions, and the things they believe should be insisted on, and should not take into account traditional forces or pressure of public opinion. Their tendency to oppose blind obedience is obviously not a deliberate contempt for cultural tradition or public opinion, but a reflection of their self-reliance and self-reliance.

As the most prominent representative of the humanist movement, Maslow has conducted the most systematic research on mental health issues. Maslow's research interest in mental health issues began with his love of two of his mentors, Benedict and Wittheimer, in college. He found that the physical appearance, cultural background, and other aspects of the two mentors were different, but many psychological characteristics were the same. Their psychology is very healthy, they are academically successful, and their abilities have been fully exerted. According to Maslow, they have achieved self-actualization. Maslow thinks that the psychological behavior patterns reflected in these two mentors may serve as a model for ordinary people to learn and pursue. ^[2]

To this end, Maslow used a variety of methods such as free associations, psychological tests, and biographies to explore the psychological behavior of "self-actualizers." He selected 48 people from the great figures in history and the students and acquaintances around him for further research. These people can be divided into three categories: the first category he called "cases", which basically accorded with his "self-realization" "Requesters", such as Lincoln, T. Jefferson, T. ROOsevelt, B. SPinoza, James and THHUxley, etc. People: There are 10 people in the second category, which he calls "incomplete cases", or "partial" self-actualizers, with a certain distance from the standards envisaged; 26 people in the third category, which he calls "potential "Possible or possible cases", which includes both young people who are moving towards self-realization in real life; and some people who have made some contributions in history.

In research, Maslow found that people who truly achieve self-realization are generally middle-aged or elderly, and young people often have difficulty achieving self-realization. This is because young people still have many lower-level needs, such as security, love, self-esteem, etc., which have not been adequately met, have not formed lasting values, wisdom, willpower, and stable love relationships, and have not made clear choices. The cause for which I will strive for life. However, young people have great development potential, and through active efforts, they can gradually approach this level or goal.

Maslow Transcendence

In "Z Theory", Maslow distinguishes between healthy self-actualization and transcendent self-actualization. Only healthy self-actualization refers to self-actualization in the personal sense. It is a process of continuously realizing the potential, fulfilling the mission, destiny, or nature, recognizing the inherent nature of the individual, and continually becoming unified and integrated within the individual. Such people are more practical, more realistic, more accessible, more capable and more ordinary people, they live more in the world at this time. Transcendental self-actualization refers to self-actualization in a transpersonal sense. Such people are more aware of the kingdom of existence, live at the level of existence, that is, the level of purpose or intrinsic value, are more obviously governed by transcendental motives, often have unified consciousness or plateau experiences, and there have been peaks Peak experiences, accompanied by revelations or insights into the life of the universe.

Therefore, in Maslow's view, there are two different levels of self-actualizers, one at the personal level and the other at the transpersonal level. The former is mainly the research object of humanistic psychology, and the latter It is mainly the research object of transpersonal psychology. Maslow's description of the personality traits of the transcendental self-actualizers (hereinafter referred to as transcenders) is one of the foundational works he did for transpersonal psychology.

Maslow found that transcendences exist not only among religious figures, poets, intellectuals, and musicians, but also among entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, managers, educators, and political figures. He interviewed and observed thirty or forty people in detail, and conducted general conversations and research on one or two hundred others. He acknowledged that his research on transcendence was only preliminary contact and not prudent and final research, and may not necessarily meet the scientific requirements of formal verification. The sample is only concentrated on the best sample he thinks, and it may not be highly representative. Therefore, its research results can only be counted as pre-scientific. But he emphasized that every of his arguments can be verified. ^[1]

Both levels of self-actualizers have all the descriptive characteristics of the aforementioned self-actualizers. The difference is that the peak experience, the plateau experience, and the presence cognition exist or are more present in the transcendence, but they are absent or less present in the individual-level self-actualizers. In addition, transcenders have more of the following characteristics: (1) For transcenders, peak experience and plateau experience have become the most important things in their lives, the commanding heights, the witness of life and the most precious aspect of life. (2) The transcendant lives at the level of existence and can speak the language of existence freely and naturally. Can understand fables, rhetoric, paradox, music, art, non-verbal communication and communication. (3) The transcendant can observe things at the level of actual and daily absence, and also see the sacred side of everything, and can sacred everything at will, that is, observe things from the eternal aspect. (4) Transcender is more consciously and consciously dominated by transcendental motivation. Existence values, such as truth, perfection, beauty, kindness, unity, transcendence, etc., are their main or motivation. and many more. Maslow listed a total of 23 characteristics. In Maslow's view, man has a positive, biologically-based, spiritual self-actuality. The spirit has a naturalistic meaning and does not require any religious or metaphysical assumptions.

Maslow's work and life course itself is a testimony of how humanistic psychology has evolved towards transpersonal psychology. Maslow began with a study of what it means to be a fully human, and ended with an exploration of transpersonal issues. Paying attention to the full development of human is the soul of humanistic psychology, and transpersonal is the result of the full development of human nature.

Maslow motivational personality

Maslow Content

In this book, he put forward many wonderful theories, including the theory of humanistic psychology, the theory of needs, the theory of self-actualization, the theory of meta-motivation, the theory of psychotherapy, and the theory of peak experience. Hierarchy of needs is one of the most influential theories in Maslow's psychology, and it still plays a huge role in many subject areas and practical work.

This book is the founding work of Maslow's doctrine, which mainly expounds its basic ideas around the theory of hierarchy and self-realization. Motivation theory is the essence of Maslow's theory. The book contains Maslow's important questions and early explorations of human psychology, and it has had a huge impact in creating a positive and comprehensive view of human nature. ^[4]

Maslow Catalog

Written in front of Abraham Maslow's influence

Part I Motivation Theory

Introduction to Motivation Theory

Chapter II Human Motivation Theory

Chapter 3 Satisfaction of Basic Needs

Chapter 4 Reexamines Instinct Theory

Chapter 5 Required Levels

Chapter 6 Unmotivated Behavior

Part II Psychological Morbidity and Normal State

Chapter VII The Origin of Psychopathology

Chapter 8 Is Destructive Instinct?

Chapter 9: Psychotherapy as a Good Interpersonal Relationship

Chapter 10 Ways to Achieve Normality and Health

Part III Self-actualization

Chapter 11Self-Realized Man

Chapter 12The Love of Self-Realizers

Chapter 13Creativity of Self-Realizers

Methodology of Human Science

Chapter 14 Problems with New Psychology

Chapter 15 Psychological Research on Science

Chapter 16 Method Center and Problem Center

Chapter 17: Cognitive and True Cognition

Chapter 18: Holistic Approaches to Psychology

Toward Positive Psychology

references

postscript

Fruitful Abraham Maslow

A Review of the Motivation and Personality

Maslow Development

Maslow Since the 1980s, the humanist movement has further deepened. The self-fulfillment theory with Maslow and Rogers as one side and the self-selection theory with Rolomy and other existential psychologists as the other said that after Maslow's death, Romero and Rogers began to discuss human issues In an open debate, Rolomé disagreed with Rogers' statement that evil is caused by the environment. He believed that both evil and good existed in human nature, both of which are human potentials. The problem of neglecting evil has a deep, Harmful effects.

In addition, the self-actualization theory, which represents the mainstream of humanistic psychology, also has different development trends. The Rogers faction still insists on individual psychology-centered research, but others have begun to study transpersonal psychology, exploring how individual consciousness transcends itself and integrates with the broad world.

Maslow's psychology, especially his later works, laid the theoretical foundation for transpersonal psychology. His research on the personality characteristics of self-actualized people and transcendences has promoted empirical research on the state of consciousness in psychology. The hierarchy of needs he revised in his later years was the precursor of contemporary theory of transpersonal development. Maslow applied this hierarchy of needs theory to business management, religion, philosophy, and politics, which opened the way for later applied research in transpersonal psychology.

The last is the construction of methodology. Maslow has suggested that traditional scientific methods are not enough to solve the complex problems of human psychology. The humanistic methodology does not exclude traditional scientific methods but expands the scope of scientific research in order to solve humans that have been excluded from the scope of psychological research in the past. Belief and value issues. At the end of the 1970s, there has been an attempt to strengthen humanistic psychology with scientific methodology. The representative is Rick. He believes that humanism reintroduces teleology into psychology. It replaces the old paradigm with a new paradigm. Only by strengthening the scientific nature of humanistic psychology through dialectical methods and strict logic can this transformation be completed. ^[2]